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reza poorghasemi -
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Abbas Kebritchi -
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hengame honarkar -
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hajar jamshidi -
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azam ghasemi -
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samaheh sadat sajadi -
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Pedram Malaekeh -
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hengame honarkar -
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mohammadreza moghbeli -
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leila naji -
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seyed hamid salimi -
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hasan salehi -
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fahimeh askari -
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hamid mobedi -
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abbas sheikh -
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shokofe hakim -
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mitra tavakoli -
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masume masudi -
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mohsen abbasi -
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Ahmad Reza Bahramian -
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yousef jahani -
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سید مرتضی نقیب -
Open Access Article
23 - مروری بر تخریب و بازیافت شیمیایی پلی¬اتیلن¬ترفتالات(PET) به روش گلیکولیز و بررسی عوامل موثر بر این فرایند
مهدي باريكاني hengame honarkar -
Open Access Article
24 - مروری برهیبریدهای پلی یورتان های پایه آبی/آکریلات
hengame honarkar -
Open Access Article
25 - An overview of the molecular template polymer sensor based on graphene quantum dots
seyed mohammad reza milani hoseini parizad mohammadnejad elaheh jabbariAn important part of molecular markers identification has been performed by sophisticated laboratory methods. What is visible today is referred to exploit the achievements and combine them as new available technologies. To accomplish this gold, we need to develop techno MoreAn important part of molecular markers identification has been performed by sophisticated laboratory methods. What is visible today is referred to exploit the achievements and combine them as new available technologies. To accomplish this gold, we need to develop technologies of 1 to 100 nm to help imagine and sense the interactions between the receptors and specific components. Graphene quantum dots have been developed with easy production methods, biocompatibility, and low toxicity and have been applicable in all fields. This type of quantum dots contains carboxylic acid functional groups on their surfaces, which are interchangeable with other functional groups and have a high solubility in water. It also makes them appropriate for functionalizing with various organic materials such as polymers. Molecular imaging is a fast and accurate method for molecule detection and it is one of the most important methods for molecule detection and quantification. Molecularly imprinted polymer based on graphene quantum dots have being had high-performance applications in most fields of detection and measurement, due to their high selectivity and sensitivity as well as solubility in aqueous media. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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Elham Sabzi Dizajikan Morteza Nasiri Farhang Abbasi -
Open Access Article
27 - The Origin and Application of Flame Retardant Biobased Polymers in Cellulosic Industry
mehrnoosh tavakoli ali ghasemianNowadays, In order to reduce environmental footprint, polymer industry has started to develop new materials based on natural resources. Two kinds of biobased polymers can be developed. The first one corresponds to macromolecular structures existing in nature as cellulos MoreNowadays, In order to reduce environmental footprint, polymer industry has started to develop new materials based on natural resources. Two kinds of biobased polymers can be developed. The first one corresponds to macromolecular structures existing in nature as cellulose, lignin, starch, alginate and so-on that most of them are probably the ones that derived from well-established cellulosic industries. Nevertheless, the thermal stability of these rich in oxygen structures are limited, they release relatively little heat during burning and are often able to char. Other biobased polymers are made up of molecules synthesized from natural resources. Not only polymers but also all additives used to modify their properties can be biobased to meet sustainable development. Intensive research is devoted to develop flame retardant biobased polymers from various raw resources. These flame retardant biobased polymers can be used directly as they are, alone or as a component of a more complex system. This is especially true when the molecules are phosphorus-rich as DNA or phytic acid or charring as lignin. All the efforts reviewed in this paper, show that a major objective is to develop 100 % biobased materials suitable for applications requiring high flame retardancy level. Different biomolecules from the cellulosic industry are also the most promising in flame retardancy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - A review on drug delivery methods
ayda Changaei seyed mohammad reza milani hoseini nasibeh saeedzadeh amiriOne of the most important branches of pharmaceutical science is drug delivery, which has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. The matter that leads researchers to study about drug delivery is to increase the effectiveness of the drug and reduce the to MoreOne of the most important branches of pharmaceutical science is drug delivery, which has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. The matter that leads researchers to study about drug delivery is to increase the effectiveness of the drug and reduce the toxicity of the drug by drug carriers. In this paper, every kind of drug delivery carriers are investigated which demonstrate the importance of drug delivery and drug release. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - A review of the study and application of the application of organic-metal nanostructured frameworks as a membrane in desalination of seawater
yousef ghorbaniy Seyyed Mehdi Ghoreishi Milad GhaniDue to the increase in population and as a result of the increase in economic activities in the world, the demand for water consumption has increased significantly. Seawater covers two-thirds of the earth's surface, so it makes sense to use these resources to provide dr MoreDue to the increase in population and as a result of the increase in economic activities in the world, the demand for water consumption has increased significantly. Seawater covers two-thirds of the earth's surface, so it makes sense to use these resources to provide drinking water and could be an important component in solving the problem of water scarcity. In addition, existing technologies for water treatment to meet There are certain water quality requirements, so reusing used water to address water shortages can be further explored. In recent years, organic metal frameworks have received much attention due to their interesting chemistry and potential applications. In the science of separation, researchers have extensively studied organic-metal frameworks for gas separation and water treatment. In this paper, the aim is to investigate the possibility of using organic-metal frameworks for membrane desalination. Therefore, after a brief introduction of organic-metallic frameworks, several methods for preparing membranes of organic-metallic frameworks, water desalination techniques and methods of application of organic-metallic frameworks and finally membranes of organic-metallic frameworks for different applications of water Such as desalination, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and microfiltration are considered. The use of organic-metal frameworks as membranes in water treatment is still in its infancy compared to other applications such as gas separation. Manuscript profile -
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Zohre Taherkhani -
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hoori mivehchi -
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Morteza Nasiri -
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Zahra Khoubi-Arani -
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Nilufar sadat Mousavi -
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Ghazaleh Alamdarnejad -
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Milad Ghani -
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rasoul mohsenzadeh -
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hoori mivechi -
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Zohre Taherkhani -
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mitra tavakoli -
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mohammad hadi aryaie monfared -
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morteza naghib -
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nariman Rajabifar -
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hamed jamshidi aval -
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hoori mivechi -
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سید مرتضی نقیب -
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Zohre Taherkhani -
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Zahra yaghobi -
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farnaz monajamzadeh -
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seyed mohammad reza milani hoseini -
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Ehsan Alikhani -
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rasoul mohsenzadeh -
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Zahra Khoubi-Arani -
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Zahra Maghsoud -
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mohammad reza kalaei -
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zohre taherkhani -
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Mohammad Azadi -
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manochehr vosoughi -
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hoori mivechi -
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Milad Ghani -
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Mohammad Azadi -
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Fatemeh Rafiemanzelat -
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hossin bazgir -
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zahra daneshfar -
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Sattar Mohammadi Esfarjani -
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Fatemeh Rafiemanzelat -
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Milad Ghani -
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امیر کرمی -
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Ehsan Alikhani -
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Amirhosein Yazdanbakhsh -
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hamidreza heidari -
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mina alizade -
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Fatemeh Rafiemanzelat gholamali koohmare -
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Amirhosein Yazdanbakhsh -
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rasoul mohsenzadeh -
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mehrnoush mohammadi -
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Ali Abbasian -
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Zahra Talebpour Zeinab Zamani -
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Mohammad Azadi Mehrnaz Farokhpour -
Open Access Article
80 - A Review of Mechanical Recycling of Polylactic Acid: Challenges and Recent Achievements
Farzane TabatabaeeThe growing use of polylactic acid (PLA) encourages technologists to conduct extensive research into valorization of PLA waste with best quality. In general, mechanical recycling of PLA is one of the most cost-effective recycling methods. However, recycled materials are MoreThe growing use of polylactic acid (PLA) encourages technologists to conduct extensive research into valorization of PLA waste with best quality. In general, mechanical recycling of PLA is one of the most cost-effective recycling methods. However, recycled materials are commonly used for minor applications due to the inherent thermo-mechanical degradation of the polymer during recycling, which mainly results in chain scissions and intramolecular and intermolecular transesterification reactions. Therefore, it has a negative effect on the molar mass distribution and consequently on the mechanical, thermal and rheological properties of recycled PLA. In this article, a review of recent research on the effects of mechanical recycling on the properties of PLA including structural, morphological, mechanical, rheological and thermal changes was done. Furthermore, a review of three main ways of valorization of recycled PLA including thermal modification, chemical modifications in the presence of stabilizers, chain extenders, branching agents and finally mixing with nanoadditives or with other polymers was done in order to improve the properties of recycled PLA. Moreover, due to the widespread use of natural fibers to improve the performance of PLA, the recyclability of natural fiber-reinforced PLA biocomposites was investigated. Finally, two important applications of recycled PLA in the food packaging and the 3D printing industries were discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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Farzad Mehrjo -
Open Access Article
82 - Review on the Polysulfone Based Membranes for Separation of Low-Density Lipoprotein from Blood
Rahim Dehghan Jalal Barzin Behnam Darabi Hamidreza GhaderiCardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of fatality all over the world. A severe increase of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration in blood is recognized as the main cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) and atherosclerosis. LDL apheresis from blood is MoreCardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of fatality all over the world. A severe increase of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration in blood is recognized as the main cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) and atherosclerosis. LDL apheresis from blood is one of the extracorporeal options for patients suffering from this disorder which drug therapy is not effective for them. LDL apheresis is classified in cascade filtration and adsorption-based methods. In this study further reviewing all LDL apheresis techniques, polysulfone (PSU) membranes for selective adsorption of LDL were investigated. By inspiring from inherent LDL receptor (LDLR) of body, different methods including heparinization of PSU membrane by various methods such as chloromethylation, treatment with ammonia plasma and co-deposition of polydopamine and polyethyleneimine can be used for adsorption of LDL from the blood. Also, membrane ionic glycosylation by click chemistry and grafting of alginate sulfate on the surface of PSU membrane to adsorption of LDL were reviewed. To investigate surface modification accuracy, different analyses such as X-ray photo spectroscopy (XPS), Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), -Potential and water contact angle are used. Blood compatibility is another factor for the development of these membranes for defined application. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Polyoxymetal / polymer composites An overview of synthesis methods and their properties
Marziyeh Kavian Milad Ghani Jahan Bakhsh RaoofThis article gives an overview of the manufacturing method and properties of composites containing polyoxymetals / polymers. Polyoxometals (POMs) are discrete, molecular, metal oxide clusters of various sizes ranging from one to several nanometers that exhibit different MoreThis article gives an overview of the manufacturing method and properties of composites containing polyoxymetals / polymers. Polyoxometals (POMs) are discrete, molecular, metal oxide clusters of various sizes ranging from one to several nanometers that exhibit different topologies and diverse chemical and electronic properties. POMs show very strong acidity, which makes them effective acid catalysts for specific reactions such as esterification, hydrolysis, Friedel-Craft alkylation, and tetrahydrofuran ring-opening polymerization. The integration of mineral components with polymer matrices will combine the properties of the mineral phase with polymers and create new functions. Mineral micrometer building blocks have been used to enhance mechanical strength, improve thermal and chemical stability, and improve the performance of polymeric materials. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, polymers can also be used as a substrate for the stabilization of nanostructures, which will eventually have the properties of nanostructures and polymer substrates at the same time. Methods such as physical composition, electrostatic adsorption, covalent bonding, and supermolecular modification are the main methods for combining POM in organic or inorganic polymer matrices (eg silica). Polyoxymetal / polymer composites have various properties such as unique optical, electrical or catalytic properties of polyoxymetals and the optimal processing and stability of polymer matrices. POM/ polymer composites may have many applications in optics, electronics, biology, medicine and catalysis Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - A Review On Biodegradable Mealworms Mechanism
SeyedAmirHossein Mousavi Aghabagher reza jahan mardiEvery year, an enormous amount of 2.5 million tons of plastic enter the oceans. On land, plastic also accumulates in landfills, beaches and other sensitive ecosystems around the world which has been a huge concern through the years. Recent research has been conducted to MoreEvery year, an enormous amount of 2.5 million tons of plastic enter the oceans. On land, plastic also accumulates in landfills, beaches and other sensitive ecosystems around the world which has been a huge concern through the years. Recent research has been conducted to show us that one type of worm may help us solve the huge problem of plastic waste. Scientists have discovered that the larvae of a type of worm, Mealworm called Tenebrio Molitor, can include styrofoam and other polystyrenes as well as polyethylene in their diet. Not only do worms go on a styrofoam diet, they say, but the microorganisms in their gut can break down plastics during their digestive process, turning it into carbon dioxide and eventually use it as the nutrients that their bodies need. Biodegradable materials disposed by worms also seem to be used as fertilizer to fertilize and impregnate agricultural soil. We are looking for solutions to implement this discovery in a way that eliminates plastic waste therefore can be a solution to clearer oceans, rivers and the entire environment from the inevitable consequences of plastic accumulation. In this review study, narrations from articles related to the biodegradation of polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene have been reviewed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Self-Assembly of Peptides and its Applications: A Review
Soheila EmamyariMolecular self-assembly is the spontaneous aggregation of molecules or macromolecules into supramolecular structures with non-covalent interactions. This phenomenon is an interdisciplinary research topic that has a lot of potential applications in various fields. One of MoreMolecular self-assembly is the spontaneous aggregation of molecules or macromolecules into supramolecular structures with non-covalent interactions. This phenomenon is an interdisciplinary research topic that has a lot of potential applications in various fields. One of the main driving forces of molecular self-assembly is the existence of molecular amphiphilicity in the system which can cause microphase separation and create complex and stable nanostructures. Self-assembling peptides are one of the most important classes of molecules with the ability to self-assemble. The rich self-assembly behavior is observed in systems of peptides, due to the simultaneous presence of different interactions (such as electrostatic interaction, hydrophobicity and hydrogen bond) in systems consisting of them and the diversity of their molecular configuration. Better understanding of peptides self-assembly enables the better design of peptides to form functional nanostructures. In this review article, at first, peptide self-assembly and its importance are stated. Then, some examples of self-assembling peptides which have attracted the interest of scientists for various reasons, such as cyclic peptides, amphiphilic peptides, ionic complementary peptides and some other examples, are explained. Also, some important applications and benefits of peptides self-assembly, which include nanoscale construction, tissue engineering, drug delivery, applications in biosensors, and the study of conformational diseases, are reviewed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - The studying on mechanism, properties and application of shape memory polymers
Hamidreza HaydariShape memory polymers (SMPs) represent a highly special class of materials. As one representative of the intelligent polymeric systems, these materials gained significant interest in recent years. SMPs are stimuli-responsive polymers, which act as stimulants like light, MoreShape memory polymers (SMPs) represent a highly special class of materials. As one representative of the intelligent polymeric systems, these materials gained significant interest in recent years. SMPs are stimuli-responsive polymers, which act as stimulants like light, temperature, PH changes, solvent changes, electrical fields or magnetic fields, and their output is strain. Also, these polymers are highly regarded as essential for fundamental research and technological innovation. The present review will provide a short overview with particular attention to structure, mechanisms and applications of SMPs, shape memory effects and, as well as the current developments and concepts for shape memory polymers. The applications of shape memory polymers can be noted in medical industries, commercial industries, S hape memory polymers (SMPs) represent a highly special class of materials. As one representative of the intelligent polymeric systems, these materials gained significant interest in recent years. SMPs are stimuli-responsive polymers, which act as stimulants like light, temperature, PH changes, solvent changes, electrical fields or magnetic fields, and their output is strain. Also, these polymers are highly regarded as essential for fundamental research and technological innovation. The present review will provide a short overview with particular attention to structure, mechanisms and applications of SMPs, shape memory effects and, as well as the current developments and concepts for shape memory polymers. The applications of shape memory polymers can be noted in medical industries, commercial industries, aerospace industries, self-healing polymers, etc. aerospace industries, self-healing polymers, etc. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Semi-Experimental Methods for Determination of Flory-Huggins Interaction Parameter in Polymeric Mixtures: A Review
Zahra Khoubi-AraniThe Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ) is a crucial factor affecting the miscibility and morphology of components in polymer mixtures and their final properties and applications. The reliable measurement of the interaction parameter is worthwhile in fundamental und MoreThe Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ) is a crucial factor affecting the miscibility and morphology of components in polymer mixtures and their final properties and applications. The reliable measurement of the interaction parameter is worthwhile in fundamental understanding and quantitative determination of structure-performance relation and finally in practical applications of polymers in different fields. Different methods are used for evaluation of this parameter. In this study, six semi-experimental methods are reviewed: measurement of melting point depression, equilibrium swelling, contact angle, phase separation points, vapor pressure, and inverse gas chromatography. In these methods, equilibrium melting temperatures of pure polymer and its mixtures, degree of equilibrium swelling of the cross-linked polymer in the presence of swelling agent, surface energy of components in the polymeric mixtures, equilibrium components composition in the two-phase system, the ratio of partial vapor pressure of solvent to its saturated one and retention volume are experimentally measured, respectively. Then a proper equation is fitted on the data and the interaction parameter is obtained. In some methods, such as measurement of contact angle, only a positive interaction parameter at temperature of the test is obtained. But in some others, such as measurement of melting point depression, there is no constraint for the sign of interaction parameter. In addition, some methods can determine the composition dependency of the interaction parameter, such as determination of phase separation points. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Terminology to Support Manufacturing Process Characterization and Assessment for Sustainable Production
HamidReza Sabbaghi Ali AbbasianCommon terminology is essential for accurate communication among researchers, scientists, engineers, and other decision makers. To assist manufacturing process characterization, a common understanding of terminology is imperative for efficient and effective communicatio MoreCommon terminology is essential for accurate communication among researchers, scientists, engineers, and other decision makers. To assist manufacturing process characterization, a common understanding of terminology is imperative for efficient and effective communication in industry; it can also facilitate automation and interoperability of software tools. Manufacturing process characterization enables the assessment and improvement of unit manufacturing processes, products, and systems from a sustain- ability perspective. To develop and implement sustainability-related standards and best practices in industry, naming conventions and definitions of common terms are needed. Presently, many terms used are ill-defined, vague, or overlap in meaning. Although there are ongoing standards efforts related to terminology identification and definition, an identified common set is yet to be developed. The objective of this work was to facilitate ongoing standards development efforts by harmonizing the varied array of terms used to describe production processes. As a result of a review of the literature, a concise set of 47 terms focusing on process characterization and able to describe sustainable production was generated; terms unique to individual production processes were omitted. The terms were orga- nized into six categories to define the overarching concepts: Scope, Boundary, Material, Measurement, Model, and Flow. Definitions of the terms were then derived from the literature in sustainable manufacturing and chemical and process industries, process characterization and planning, organization standards, and life cycle assessment and management. The reported terms and definitions are not unique to sustainable production, and could foster wide- spread use of the concepts to improve the economic, environmental, and social performance of industry. In the future, the terminology described could be standardized through international standards orga- nizations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Terminology to Support Manufacturing Process Characterization and Assessment for Sustainable Production
HamidReza Sabbaghi Ali AbbasianCommon terminology is essential for accurate communication among researchers, scientists, engineers, and other decision makers. To assist manufacturing process characterization, a common understanding of terminology is imperative for efficient and effective communicatio MoreCommon terminology is essential for accurate communication among researchers, scientists, engineers, and other decision makers. To assist manufacturing process characterization, a common understanding of terminology is imperative for efficient and effective communication in industry; it can also facilitate automation and interoperability of software tools. Manufacturing process characterization enables the assessment and improvement of unit manufacturing processes, products, and systems from a sustain- ability perspective. To develop and implement sustainability-related standards and best practices in industry, naming conventions and definitions of common terms are needed. Presently, many terms used are ill-defined, vague, or overlap in meaning. Although there are ongoing standards efforts related to terminology identification and definition, an identified common set is yet to be developed. The objective of this work was to facilitate ongoing standards development efforts by harmonizing the varied array of terms used to describe production processes. As a result of a review of the literature, a concise set of 47 terms focusing on process characterization and able to describe sustainable production was generated; terms unique to individual production processes were omitted. The terms were orga- nized into six categories to define the overarching concepts: Scope, Boundary, Material, Measurement, Model, and Flow. Definitions of the terms were then derived from the literature in sustainable manufacturing and chemical and process industries, process characterization and planning, organization standards, and life cycle assessment and management. The reported terms and definitions are not unique to sustainable production, and could foster wide- spread use of the concepts to improve the economic, environmental, and social performance of industry. In the future, the terminology described could be standardized through international standards orga- nizations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - -
Amirhosein Yazdanbakhsh -
Open Access Article
91 - review of polymer-protein
Nadereh Golshan Ebrahimi -
Open Access Article
92 - -
HamidReza Sabbaghi Ali Abbasian -
Open Access Article
93 - Polymer Networks as Hierarchical Porous Carbon Materials: Synthesize, Properties and Applications
ziba shirini kordabadi Fatemeh RafiemanzelatPorous materials have different types of pores in the micro, meso or nano range, each of which plays a special role in porous materials application. Among these materials, porous carbon materials have a special share due to their unique properties such as: mechanical, c MorePorous materials have different types of pores in the micro, meso or nano range, each of which plays a special role in porous materials application. Among these materials, porous carbon materials have a special share due to their unique properties such as: mechanical, chemical and thermal stability and their reasonable price. There are two main methods for synthesizing porous carbon materials: 1) template method and 2) pyrolysis/activation method. The template method is basically time consuming and tedious due to the use of the template and removal of template. Thus the method of pyrolysis/activation is widely used to prepare porous carbon materials from porous polymer precursers or waste and biomass materials in the presence of the physical and chemical active agents. Replacement of heteroatoms including: N, O, B, S and P in carbon materials leads to increased efficiency and development of their new applications; For example, the use of porous N-doped carbon materials as electrodes in superconducting cells increases the efficiency of energy storage and in the field of adsorbents materials increases the efficiency of CO2 uptake. Due to their unique properties, especially high surface area, low weight and high adsorption capacity, porous carbon materials are used in hydrogen storage, contaminants removal fron air air water, electrodes and as catalyst support. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Mini-Review of Self-Healing Mechanism and Formulation Optimization of Polyurea Coating
Moein Behzadpour Mahdi Hemmatian DamghaniSelf-healing polymers are categorized as smart materials that are capable of surface protection and prevention of structural failure. Polyurethane/polyurea, as one of the representative coatings, has also attracted attention for industrial applications. Compared with po MoreSelf-healing polymers are categorized as smart materials that are capable of surface protection and prevention of structural failure. Polyurethane/polyurea, as one of the representative coatings, has also attracted attention for industrial applications. Compared with polyurethane, polyurea coating, with a similar formation process, provides higher tensile strength and requires shorter curing time. The working principle of polyurea self-healing mechanisms is to fill cracks by introducing more healing components, which can polymerize and seal damage in the material. Alternatively, it can also be addressed by encouraging continuous chemical reactions, which can form bonds to close gaps between the separated faces of material due to the damage. In this paper, extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms are reviewed to address the efficiency of the self-healing process. Furthermore, the extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms have been compared to attain a better understanding of the advantages and limitations of each mechanism. Moreover, formulation optimization and strategic improvement to ensure self-healing within a shorter period of time with acceptable recovery of mechanical strength are also discussed. The choice and ratio of diisocyanates, as well as the choice of chain extender, are believed to have a crucial effect on the acceleration of the self-healing process and enhance self-healing efficiency during the preparation of polyurea coatings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Graphene‑based composite membranes for nanofiltration: performances and future perspectives
Farzad MehrjoNanofiltration is one of the most widely used membrane processes for water purification with high practical value because of a large number of chemical species that are separated through this process. Usually, for nanofiltration, high energy–con- suming operations are i MoreNanofiltration is one of the most widely used membrane processes for water purification with high practical value because of a large number of chemical species that are separated through this process. Usually, for nanofiltration, high energy–con- suming operations are involved including the generation of enough pressure for the rejection of jumps and lower molecular weight chemicals at the surface of the membrane. Recent developments in the synthesis of nanocomposite membranes with graphene and graphene derivatives have led to an increase in energy requirements and the increase in membranes perfor- mances. In the present review, we have presented the recent advances in the field of graphene-based composite membranes for nanofiltration with applications for both types of based solvents—aqueous solutions and organic solvents. The presentation will be focused especially on the performances of membranes and applications of these materials for the rejection of salts (Na+, Mg2+), heavy metals (Li2+), and lower molecular weight organic compounds (methylene blue, Congo red, Direct Red, Methyl orange, Reactive green 13, etc.). Modern synthesis methods like interfacial polymerization for obtaining thin-film composite nanofiltration membranes are also presented. Nanofiltration is one of the most widely used membrane processes for water purification with high practical value because of a large number of chemical species that are separated through this process. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Investigation of Blood Coagulation Process on Biopolymers and Review on the Hemocompatibility Evaluation Methods
Rahim Dehghan Jalal Barzin Seyed Hossein Abtahian Behnam Darabi Hamidreza GhaderiThe use of biopolymers in the development of biomedical devices has extended in recent years. These devices are including prosthetic heart valves catheter, cardiovascular stents, artificial arteries, peacemakers, hemodialysis membranes, etc. Hemocompatibility is taken i MoreThe use of biopolymers in the development of biomedical devices has extended in recent years. These devices are including prosthetic heart valves catheter, cardiovascular stents, artificial arteries, peacemakers, hemodialysis membranes, etc. Hemocompatibility is taken into account as one of the essential cases of biopolymers for biomedical applications. Knowing biopolymer-blood interaction is very considerable for the development of a hemocompatible biopolymer. Various factors can undergo the hemocompatibility of biopolymers. Surface properties such as hydrophilicity, surface energy, and electrostatic charge are the most important factor for the control of hemocompatibility. In this study, further blood coagulation mechanism on the biopolymers, evaluation methods of hemocompatibility is investigated. Methods include protein adsorption which is the first phenomenon of the blood coagulation process, investigation of kallikrein activity which evaluates intrinsic coagulation pathway, assessment of coagulation times such as thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) which monitor extrinsic, intrinsic and common pathway of blood coagulation, hemolysis of erythrocytes, microscopy analysis of cell adhesion, platelet adhesion and activation. Change in platelet morphology is one of the main criteria for the investigation of blood compatibility. Finally, a hemocompatible polymer should pass all mentioned blood compatibility analyses. Herein, besides i Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - a review of the investigation methods and performance of pure polymer gears
Rasool Molhsenzadeh ehsan nozad bonabPlastic gears are widely used in various industries. The advantages of these gears include their lightness, automation, low noise, easy production and low cost. However, the high wear rate, limited working temperature and low mechanical strength in polymer gears, compar MorePlastic gears are widely used in various industries. The advantages of these gears include their lightness, automation, low noise, easy production and low cost. However, the high wear rate, limited working temperature and low mechanical strength in polymer gears, compared to metal types, limit their application. Therefore, extensive research has been done on the performance of polymer gears in order to identify the failure mechanisms. Among the conducted researches, the researchers focus on different parts such as determining the critical torque or in other words, load bearing capacity, gear behavior at lower and higher torques than the critical torque, gear fatigue resistance, gear wear behavior on a micro and macro scale, as well as The thermal resistance of the gear is drawn. In addition, the difference in methods and the provision of new methods for checking the mentioned factors in order to check the performance of the gear can be seen in the research. In general, the type of polymer, torque and work cycle have been recognized as factors influencing the wear of polymer gears. In this research, the method and results of the research conducted on various types of gears made with commonly used polymer materials are presented. In such a way that by comparing the performance of all types of gears, it is possible to reach a general conclusion about their use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Polymer composites containing sheep wool fibers using thermal and sound insulation: from introduction to application
Mohsen SadroddiniAs a natural and environmentally friendly fiber, sheep wool has an extraordinary place among all textile fibers due to its unique properties such as high thermal insulation properties, good sound insulation and absorption, self-extinguishing, high flame resistance, low MoreAs a natural and environmentally friendly fiber, sheep wool has an extraordinary place among all textile fibers due to its unique properties such as high thermal insulation properties, good sound insulation and absorption, self-extinguishing, high flame resistance, low weight and high strength. Sheep wool fibers are traditionally used in clothing and textiles, but they can be used in various applications. One of the vital industrial applications of sheep wool fibers is to employ them as reinforcing fillers in polymer composites using thermal insulation and sound and acoustic absorbers. This review paper aims to introduce sheep wool fiber and present it as a high-performance fiber (HPF) in the role of a natural and low-cost alternative to synthetic polymer fibers. In this regard, an attempt has been made to conduct a comprehensive review of polymer-sheep wool composites as thermal insulation and sound absorber. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - A review of polymer 3D printing technology: materials, process and design strategies for medical applications
amir hasnvandچكيده انگليسي Polymer 3D printing is an emerging technology that further research in this field will lead to continuous improvement of polymer 3D printing design performance, which is necessary to push the boundaries in engineering and medicine. Polymer 3D printing pr Moreچكيده انگليسي Polymer 3D printing is an emerging technology that further research in this field will lead to continuous improvement of polymer 3D printing design performance, which is necessary to push the boundaries in engineering and medicine. Polymer 3D printing provides the possibility of printing low-cost functional parts with various properties and capabilities. Here, by reviewing research on materials, processes and related strategies applied for medical applications, it is presented. Research in materials has led to the development of polymers with useful properties for mechanics and biocompatibility, by tuning the mechanical properties achieved by changing the parameters of the printing process. Polymer 3D printing technologies include extrusion, sheet lamination, Vat photo polymerization, additive layer, powder-based fusion, material projection, direct energy deposition. Thermal and laser inkjet techniques are more common. The two technologies of sheet exfoliation and direct energy deposition have limited medical applications. Which enables the direct deposition of design materials for useful and customized architectures. Design strategies, such as the hierarchical distribution of materials, make it possible to balance contrasting properties. The most investigated medical applications include tissue scaffolds, dental implants, medical education, delivery systems, and drug safety devices. And finally, the challenges and obstacles of polymer 3D printing were studied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - A review of the sorbents based on covalent organic frameworks containing hybrids for extraction methods
Mohammad Javad Aghajani Milad Ghani Jahan Bakhsh RaoofCovalent organic frameworks have been used as a group of porous organic frameworks due to their remarkable intrinsic properties, such as high specific surface area and variable pore size as well as high stability. Also, they are flexible that by producing functional cov MoreCovalent organic frameworks have been used as a group of porous organic frameworks due to their remarkable intrinsic properties, such as high specific surface area and variable pore size as well as high stability. Also, they are flexible that by producing functional covalent organic frameworks or polystructures based on them, major changes in their physical and chemical properties can be made. In this article, several important groups of covalent organic frameworks are examined in terms of their design and manufacturing methods. Also, synergism of covalent organic frameworks with other materials, such as different types of magnetic nanoparticles, metal/metal oxide, silica, carbon nanomaterials, polymers, polyoxometalates and metal-organic frameworks are studied. Finally, recent applications of covalent organic frameworks as efficient adsorbents in sample preparation methods such as solid phase extraction, diffusion solid phase extraction, magnetic solid phase extraction and fibrous solid phase microextraction with emphasis on important factors that lead to increased efficiency It will be extracted and will be checked. Investigations have shown that hybrid formation of organic-covalent frameworks and other compounds, including polymers, can be effective in improving the performance of these compounds. It is important to note that an essential step during the synthesis of covalent organic frameworks is their design concept. The purpose of design is the specific orientation of covalent bonds between the functional groups of constituents (node and linker), types of bonds and types of topologies with pore sizes that require engineering. In addition, the challenges in these approaches will also be discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Mechanisms and promising applications of mussel-inspired hydrogels
AKBAR MIRZAEI shahrzad javanshir ghalzaleh MIRZAEImussel-inspired chemistry has become a powerful tool for the rational design and synthesis of hydrogels with modified properties and applications due to their unique functionalities. Hydrogels are cross-linked three-dimensional polymer networks with high water content a Moremussel-inspired chemistry has become a powerful tool for the rational design and synthesis of hydrogels with modified properties and applications due to their unique functionalities. Hydrogels are cross-linked three-dimensional polymer networks with high water content and flexible structure, and due to their mechanical and chemical similarities with biological tissues, as well as the existence of mechanical and electrical properties, they are used in various fields of medical engineering, soft robotics, Electronics and environmental science have many applications. Despite the extensive progress in this field, conventional hydrogels still face many problems, such as the lack of general strategies to program the chemical/physical properties and the difficulty in meeting some specific application requirements, especially in the diverse and complex working environment that limit their application. severely restricts. Therefore, the modification of hydrogels according to different purposes can lead to their more and better use in various industries. Adhesive hydrogels are gaining interest for biomedical applications due to their high adhesion, tunable structure, high water content, and biocompatibility. Meanwhile, the modification of normal hydrogels with the help of oyster-inspired chemistry, such as the use of dopamine and tannic acid, can give unique properties to the gels and their application in many fields, including biomedical engineering, electronics, stimuli and sensors. Wider wearable. Our aim in this review article is to investigate the hydrogel made with the help of mussel-inspired compounds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Emerging and advanced membrane technology for wastewater treatment: A review
Farzad Mehrjo MohammadSaber Baghkhanipour Amir AlamOver the years, conventional wastewater treatment processes have achieved to some extent in treating effluents for discharge pints. Development in wastewater treatment processes is essential to make treated wastewater reusable for industrial, agricultural, and domestic MoreOver the years, conventional wastewater treatment processes have achieved to some extent in treating effluents for discharge pints. Development in wastewater treatment processes is essential to make treated wastewater reusable for industrial, agricultural, and domestic purposes. Membrane technology has emerged as an ideal technology for treating wastewater from different wastewater streams. Membrane technology is one of the most up‐to‐date advancements discovered to be successful in fundamentally lessening impurities to desired levels. In spite of having certain impediments, membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for biological wastewater treatment provide many advantages over conventional treatment. This review article covers all the aspects of membrane technology that are widely used in wastewater treatment process such as the principle of membrane technology, the classification of membrane technology processes in accordance to pressure, concentration, electrical and thermal‐driven processes, its application in different industries, advantages, disadvantages and the future prospective. Over the years, conventional wastewater treatment processes have achieved to some extent in treating effluents for discharge pints. Development in wastewater treatment processes is essential to make treated wastewater reusable for industrial, agricultural, and domestic purposes. Membrane technology has emerged as an ideal technology for treating wastewater from different wastewater streams. Membrane technology is one of the most up‐to‐date advancements discovered to be successful in fundamentally lessening impurities to desired levels. In spite of having certain impediments, membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for biological wastewater treatment provide many advantages over conventional treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Application of Bio-nanocomposites in Food Packaging
Fatemeh Savojbolaghi Mahshid MaroufkhaniThe need for food packaging to maintain quality and shelf life is increasing day by day. Nanostructured materials are preferred over microstructures due to their unique physical and chemical properties and improved performance. Advanced packaging based on nanotechnology MoreThe need for food packaging to maintain quality and shelf life is increasing day by day. Nanostructured materials are preferred over microstructures due to their unique physical and chemical properties and improved performance. Advanced packaging based on nanotechnology has made it possible to preserve and transport food safely without changing the taste and quality. In addition, it prevents contamination and preserves the mechanical, physiological, physical and chemical properties of food. Various nanomaterials have been used in food packaging to prepare improved, active, smart and bio-based packaging. Smart packaging ensures food safety by detecting contamination, gases, humidity, temperature and other food parameters using sensors. With the increasing demand for the production of new, environmentally friendly and high-performance packaging, "bio-nanocomposites" have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Bio-nanocomposites are bio-based polymers that consist of two main components, one acting as a matrix called biopolymer (continuous phase) and the second as a reinforcing agent (dispersed phase) with dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nm. . Bio-based packaging is a new and new generation packaging that replaces natural polymers with synthetic plastics. In this article, recent research in the field of bio-nanocomposites has been reviewed based on the application for different needs and the possible risk of nanoparticle migration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - A Review of Hydrogels Containing Fibers in Drug Delivery Systems
Mohammad Hossein Karami Majid Abdouss Mohammadreza Kalaee Omid MoradiHydrogels are three-dimensional networks of hydrophilic polymers capable of absorbing and retaining significant amounts of fluids, which are also widely applied in wound healing, cartilage tissue engineering, bone tissue engineering, release of proteins, growth factors, MoreHydrogels are three-dimensional networks of hydrophilic polymers capable of absorbing and retaining significant amounts of fluids, which are also widely applied in wound healing, cartilage tissue engineering, bone tissue engineering, release of proteins, growth factors, and antibiotics. In the past decades, a lot of research has been done to accelerate wound healing. Hydrogel-based scaffolds have been a recurring solution in both cases, although their mechanical stability remains a challenge, some of which have already reached the market. To overcome this limitation, the reinforcement of hydrogels with fibers has been investigated. The structural similarity of hydrogel fiber composites to natural tissues has been a driving force for the optimization and exploration of these systems in biomedicine. Indeed, the combination of hydrogel formation techniques and fiber spinning methods has been very important in the development of scaffold systems with improved mechanical strength and medicinal properties. Hydrogel has the ability to absorb secretions and maintain moisture balance in the wound. In turn, the fibers follow the structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The combination of these two structures (fiber and hydrogel ) in a scaffold is expected to facilitate healing by creating a suitable environment by identifying and connecting cells with the moist and breathing space required for healthy tissue formation. Modifying the surface of fibers by physical and chemical methods improves the performance of hydrogel composites containing Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Self-Healing Polymer Electrolytes used in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Maral Ghahramani Mobina RazaniLithium-ion batteries, as one of the most advanced and suitable rechargeable batteries, have received considerable attention in recent years. Polymer electrolytes are considered as one of the main components of the battery and good substitute for liquid electrolytes in MoreLithium-ion batteries, as one of the most advanced and suitable rechargeable batteries, have received considerable attention in recent years. Polymer electrolytes are considered as one of the main components of the battery and good substitute for liquid electrolytes in the next generations of batteries. The polymer electrolytes used in the battery may be damaged or lose performance due to the alternating movement of ions or physical damage. To avoid the damages caused by this phenomenon, the use of self-healing polymer electrolytes is suggested as a appropriate solution. The ability of self-healing in the polymer electrolytes makes them start to repair themselves as soon as a craze or crack occurs on their surface, without the need for any stimulus, and even after repair, they are able to recover all their properties. This ability comes from the microstructure and type of chemical bonds of self-healing polymers. In general, the self-healing polymer electrolytes used in batteries are divided into two main categories: polymer electrolytes based on reversible covalent bonds, and polymer electrolytes based on non-covalent supramolecular bond type. Considering the importance of this issue, in this research, a review of self-healing polymer electrolytes in the next generation of lithium batteries will be done. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - A review of methods for determining contact stress in polymer base gears
Rasool MolhsenzadehBasically, gears are an evolved form of friction wheels that have teeth added to them to prevent slippage and ensure relative motion uniformity. The use of polymer gears is increasing due to advantages such as corrosion resistance, injection molding capability, operatio MoreBasically, gears are an evolved form of friction wheels that have teeth added to them to prevent slippage and ensure relative motion uniformity. The use of polymer gears is increasing due to advantages such as corrosion resistance, injection molding capability, operation without lubricants and low noise. However, the mechanical strength, thermal resistance and durability of polymer gears are lower than metal gears. The locking mechanism in metal gears is different from polymer gears. Among the important damages that lead to failure of polymer gears is thermal deformation, which does not exist in metal gears. In polymer gears, due to the viscoelastic and plastic nature of polymers, a lot of heat is generated during gear engagement and the temperature increases. An increase in temperature causes the ribs to soften and, as a result, change their shape. Pitting, fatigue and wear are other factors that lead to failure of polymer gears. The contact stress resulting from the torque applied to the gear plays the most important role in the intensity of each of the mentioned delays. Investigating the contact stress in polymer gears, including the challenges of industrialists and researchers, will provide a better understanding for the better design of these types of gears, as well as life expectancy. This research is a review of various methods for determining and checking contact stress, including Hertz numerical model, standard method and finite element method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - studing two important technologies of propane dehydrogenation technology and the necessity of using this technology in the Iranian petrochemical industry
Mohammad Mehdi Barjesteh Hossein ZamaniPetrochemical industry is a branch of chemical industry that uses raw materials in the form of oil and gas to produce industrial products. Various chemical or physical processes are used to produce optimal products. Among the key and strategic products in the petrochemi MorePetrochemical industry is a branch of chemical industry that uses raw materials in the form of oil and gas to produce industrial products. Various chemical or physical processes are used to produce optimal products. Among the key and strategic products in the petrochemical industry, we can mention propylene and polypropylene. Propane dehydrogenation (PDH-Propane dehydrogenation) is a highly efficient catalytic technology that is used to convert propane into propylene and finally polypropylene, and it has received wide attention today. Propylene is one of the intermediate products used in many petrochemical applications, such as the production of polypropylene resins, acrylic acids, propylene glycol, acrylonitrile, cumene/phenol and other industrial products. Usually, propylene is obtained by cracking naphtha derived from oil and is a byproduct of ethylene production, but currently, in order to produce propylene more widely, propane dehydrogenation process is used. With the increase in global demand for propylene in the automotive sector, the production of bottle caps, fabrics, packaging materials and the production of chemicals, the petrochemical industry is inevitably moving towards the targeted production of propylene. This goal will be achieved mainly through propane dehydrogenation, where propane is selectively hydrogenated (removal of hydrogen from the propane stream). The results of this research, in addition to identifying the most suitable method of producing propylene from propane (Oleflex or Catofin), indicate that the implementation of PDH projects in the country, in addition to meeting the needs of domestic industries, completing the chains It will also bring value to the country's petrochemical industry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Polymer inclusion membranes for the extraction of rare earth elements
Zahra DaneshfarThe demand for rare earth elements has increased significantly due to potential industrial applications such as catalysts, magnets, battery alloys, ceramics. However, the separation and recovery of rare earth metals are very difficult due to their similar chemical prope MoreThe demand for rare earth elements has increased significantly due to potential industrial applications such as catalysts, magnets, battery alloys, ceramics. However, the separation and recovery of rare earth metals are very difficult due to their similar chemical properties and ionic radius, so progress in the separation process of these elements will bring many global benefits. Among the improved methods, the membrane technique has received much attention as a stable method with easy operation in the separation of such metals, and several membranes have been designed for separation. This article provides a summary of the types of membranes in the separation of rare earth elements in terms of extraction performance, transfer efficiency, and membrane stability. Polymer inclusion membranes are a new generation of non-liquid membrane that is made by a simple method of casting a solution containing liquid phases (carrier, plasticizer /modifier) and base polymers. Polymer inclusion membranes due to the possibility of simultaneous extraction and back-extraction, high selectivity, excellent stability, reusability, simple applicability, relatively low cost, and low energy consumption, it provides a great advantage in both the separation and purification of metal ions. Therefore, in this study, an overview of the PIMs reported in the studies to date is presented and the performance, permeability and stability of the membrane are discussed according to the base polymer, carrier, plasticizer and modifiers used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Recycling of Waste Tires
Zahra Khoubi-AraniWaste tires are the main source of waste rubbers. Their recycling raises environmental concerns due to the high volume of production as well as a very crosslinked and non-biodegradable structure. This leads to finding easy, low-cost, and energy-efficient methods for rec MoreWaste tires are the main source of waste rubbers. Their recycling raises environmental concerns due to the high volume of production as well as a very crosslinked and non-biodegradable structure. This leads to finding easy, low-cost, and energy-efficient methods for recycling waste tires. To now, many studies have been devoted to the improvement of conventional recycling methods and the introduction of new ones for the management of waste tires. Methods for recycling waste tires include retreading, incineration, pyrolysis, and grinding. The lifetime of a tire can be extended using the retreading process, in which the old tread is removed and a new one is inserted. The produced energy from the incineration of the waste tire can be used as a fuel source for steam, electrical energy, paper paste, paper, lime, and steel production. In the pyrolysis process, oil, gas, and char are produced through thermal decomposition. The main method of waste tire recycling is grinding for the incorporation of produced particles in the polymer matrices. The ambient and cryogenic grinding are the most conventional methods for grinding waste tires. The size reduction results in a higher specific area and better distribution of rubber particles in the matrix. The produced particles can be used as fillers in asphalt, concrete and glassy polymers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - A Review of Hydrogels Containing Fibers in Drug Delivery Systems
Mohammad Hossein Karami Majid Abdouss Mohammadreza Kalaee Omid MoradiHydrogels are three-dimensional networks of hydrophilic polymers capable of absorbing and retaining significant amounts of fluids, which are also widely applied in wound healing, cartilage tissue engineering, bone tissue engineering, release of proteins, growth factors, MoreHydrogels are three-dimensional networks of hydrophilic polymers capable of absorbing and retaining significant amounts of fluids, which are also widely applied in wound healing, cartilage tissue engineering, bone tissue engineering, release of proteins, growth factors, and antibiotics. In the past decades, a lot of research has been done to accelerate wound healing. Hydrogel-based scaffolds have been a recurring solution in both cases, although their mechanical stability remains a challenge, some of which have already reached the market. To overcome this limitation, the reinforcement of hydrogels with fibers has been investigated. The structural similarity of hydrogel fiber composites to natural tissues has been a driving force for the optimization and exploration of these systems in biomedicine. Indeed, the combination of hydrogel formation techniques and fiber spinning methods has been very important in the development of scaffold systems with improved mechanical strength and medicinal properties. Hydrogel has the ability to absorb secretions and maintain moisture balance in the wound. In turn, the fibers follow the structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The combination of these two structures (fiber and hydrogel ) in a scaffold is expected to facilitate healing by creating a suitable environment by identifying and connecting cells with the moist and breathing space required for healthy tissue formation. Modifying the surface of fibers by physical and chemical methods improves the performance of hydrogel composites containing Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Chemicals and Additives Used in the Rubber Industry
mehri nadiri niriThe scope of application of elastomers is largely due to their ability to be combined with a large number of chemicals and additives such as softening aids, vulcanizing chemicals, aging protectors, fillers, softeners, sponging agents and so on. Basically, the nature of MoreThe scope of application of elastomers is largely due to their ability to be combined with a large number of chemicals and additives such as softening aids, vulcanizing chemicals, aging protectors, fillers, softeners, sponging agents and so on. Basically, the nature of an elastomer determines the main properties of the product from which the elastomer is prepared, but these properties can be significantly changed by using the types of materials mentioned above and their different amounts in the product formula. On the other hand, chemicals and fillers affect the behavior of elastomeric mixtures during mixing and processing and make their vulcanization possible, also, they make it possible to change the properties of vulcanized mixtures on a large scale and use them in many applications. A mixologist often uses all the opportunities and facilities available to him in order to more easily achieve to the desired characteristics in a mixture. Achieving these characteristics requires a high level of knowledge about chemicals and additives used in the preparation of a compound. Considering the importance of chemicals in the rubber industry, in this article we tried to describe comprehensively the types of chemicals needed to make rubber, including rubbers, fillers, softeners, activators, antioxidants, curing agents and process aids. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Different fabrication methods and ideal properties of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.
Mohammad Rasouli Soheila KashanianTissue engineering is a science that uses the combination of scaffolds, cells and active biomolecules to make a tissue in order to restore or maintain the function and improve the damaged tissue or even an organ in the laboratory. Artificial skin and cartilage are among MoreTissue engineering is a science that uses the combination of scaffolds, cells and active biomolecules to make a tissue in order to restore or maintain the function and improve the damaged tissue or even an organ in the laboratory. Artificial skin and cartilage are among the engineered tissues that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical use. Accuracy in the design and fabrication of scaffolds with ideal properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical and surface properties is very important for applications in tissue engineering. Furthermore, these techniques should be able to translate the fabricated scaffolds from potential to actual applications. Several fabrication technologies have been used to design ideal 3D scaffolds with controlled nano- and micro-structures to achieve the ultimate biological response. This review highlights the applications and ideal parameters (biological, mechanical and biodegradability) of scaffolds for various biomedical and tissue engineering applications. This review discusses in detail the various design methods developed and used to design scaffolds, namely solvent casting/particle leaching, freeze drying, thermally induced phase separation (TIPS), gas foaming. (GF), powder foam, sol-gel, electrospinning, stereolithography (SLA), fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), jet binder technique, inkjet printing, laser-assisted bioprinting, writing It reviews direct cell and metal-based additive manufacturing, focusing on their advantages, limitations, and applications in tissue engineering. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Recent Advances in Membranes Used for Nanofiltration to Remove Heavy Metals from Wastewater: A Review
Farzad Mehrjo MohammadSaber Baghkhanipour Amir AlamThe presence of heavy metal ions in polluted wastewater represents a serious threat to human health, making proper disposal extremely important. The utilization of nanofiltration (NF) membranes has emerged as one of the most effective methods of heavy metal ion removal MoreThe presence of heavy metal ions in polluted wastewater represents a serious threat to human health, making proper disposal extremely important. The utilization of nanofiltration (NF) membranes has emerged as one of the most effective methods of heavy metal ion removal from wastewater due to their efficient operation, adaptable design, and affordability. NF membranes created from advanced materials are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability to depollute wastewater in a variety of circumstances. Tailoring the NF membrane’s properties to efficiently remove heavy metal ions from wastewater, interfacial polymerization, and grafting techniques, along with the addition of nano-fillers, have proven to be the most effective modification methods. This paper presents a review of the modification processes and NF membrane performances for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater, as well as the application of these membranes for heavy metal ion wastewater treatment. Very high treatment efficiencies, such as 99.90%, have been achieved using membranes composed of polyvinyl amine (PVAM) and glutaraldehyde (GA) for Cr3+ removal from wastewater. However, nanofiltration membranes have certain drawbacks, such as fouling of the NF However, nanofiltration membranes have certain drawbacks, such as fouling of the NF membrane. Repeated cleaning of the membrane influences its lifetime. membrane. Repeated cleaning of the membrane influences its lifetime. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - A review of the use of rheology in the industry of producing propellants based on nitrocellulose polymer
Mahmoud HeydariOne of the main applications of nitrocellulose polymer is producing propellants. The propellant production process includes mixing nitrocellulose with solvents and other additives and converting it from a fibrous to a non-fibrous state during gelatinization and physical MoreOne of the main applications of nitrocellulose polymer is producing propellants. The propellant production process includes mixing nitrocellulose with solvents and other additives and converting it from a fibrous to a non-fibrous state during gelatinization and physical gel formation. This gel is subsequently subjected to shaping processes using ram or screw extrusion. One of the main problems in producing propellant based on nitrocellulose is the lack of uniformity and product quality control. Despite the high capability of rheology knowledge as a powerful tool for measuring the quality control of raw materials and the production process of propellant based on nitrocellulose, this knowledge has received less attention from researchers and manufacturers in this field. This article reviewed the use of rheology in different parts of the production of nitrocellulose-based propellants, from the quality control of the incoming raw materials to the final mixing and extrusion. At first, the rheological behavior of nitrocellulose mixtures was discussed. Next, the effect of nitrocellulose polymer microstructure on the rheological behavior of its solution was discussed. Phenomena affecting the measurement of the rheological behavior of the mixture, such as wall slippage, were among the other cases investigated. Finally, a review of the quality control methods of nitrocellulose-based propellant products using appropriate material functions and production process modification was discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - MOFCOF composites a review of synthesis methods and applications
Milad Ghani Marziyeh KavianIn the past decades, porous materials have attracted a lot of attention in physics, chemistry and materials science. Among various compounds, metal-organic frameworks (Metal organic frameworks, MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as crystalline porous material MoreIn the past decades, porous materials have attracted a lot of attention in physics, chemistry and materials science. Among various compounds, metal-organic frameworks (Metal organic frameworks, MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as crystalline porous materials, were developed at a very high speed. MOFs are a subgroup of porous compounds in which organic ligands are connected together with metal cations. COFs are two- or three-dimensional organic solids with extended structures in which the building blocks are connected by strong covalent bonds. These compounds have unique advantages including well-defined and tunable structures, large surface area, high porosity, and ease of framework modification, which make them ideal host substrates for various guests including polymers, metal oxide nanoparticles, and semiconductors to create Converts MOF or COF-based multistructures. Compared to single-component compounds, polycomposites always show new properties due to their synergistic effects. Therefore, to further improve their performance and expand their applications, many efforts have been made to design and fabricate various MOF or COF-based multi-structures. Therefore, in this study, the integration of MOFs and COFs, their manufacturing methods, and the applications of these multiple structures will be investigated. Moreover, the capability of the prepared sorbents in various fields such as sorbent, catalysis and other format will be discussed. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of compounds consisting of metal clusters (also known as SBUs) coordinated to organic ligands to form one-, two-, or three-dimensional structures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Shape memory polymers: Structure, mechanism, functionality, and applications
Hamidreza Haydari Marziyeh HosseiniIn the last three decades, many researches have been conducted in the field of shape memory polymers, and in the past few years, the interest in research in this field has received a lot of attention. In this study, a comprehensive and complete review of the structure, MoreIn the last three decades, many researches have been conducted in the field of shape memory polymers, and in the past few years, the interest in research in this field has received a lot of attention. In this study, a comprehensive and complete review of the structure, mechanism, model and applications of this category of polymers has been done. In general, the mechanisms of shape memory polymers are divided into three groups: direct thermal induction, indirect thermal induction, and optical induction, and each has its own switch unit that controls the shape structure. These switches have amorphous and semi-crystalline phase, which are defined in two phase and molecular levels. Also, increasing the mechanical properties, including the strength and toughness of shape memory polymers, is of great importance, which can increase their efficiency. Shape memory polymers can be used in medical, aerospace, textile and other industries. In the textile industry, the electrospinning process is used as a simple and efficient method for the preparation of shape memory polymer fibers and the development of their structure, and the mechanism and method of preparation of these fibers will be investigated. In the last three decades, many researches have been conducted in the field of shape memory polymers, and in the past few years, the interest in research in this field has received a lot of attention. In this study, a comprehensive and complete review of the structure, mechanism, model and applications of this category of polymers has been done. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - A Review on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Polymer Composites
Ahdieh Amjadi Fereshteh Barragh JamAdvances in the synthesis and industrial production of carbon nanomaterials, particularly carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely used in the polymer materials industry in the past few decades, leading to the creation of a group of carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer co MoreAdvances in the synthesis and industrial production of carbon nanomaterials, particularly carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely used in the polymer materials industry in the past few decades, leading to the creation of a group of carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer composites that exhibit the potential to be used in several applications, such as military, transportation, aerospace, automotive, and sports equipment. The advantageous thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of CNTs, in conjunction with their low density, which encourages researchers to use them in making polymer composites. Polymeric composites have been welcomed by many researchers and industrialists due to their special properties including low weight, favorable mechanical properties and diverse production processes compared to other types of composites and other engineering materials. On the other hand, CNTs are unique as mechanical reinforcement components for structural applications due to their nanometer dimensions and extraordinary strength. Therefore, in this review study, an attempt has been made to examine the researches carried out in the field of mechanical properties of polymer composites reinforced with CNT. The implications of several factors affecting mechanical properties of CNT reinforced polymer composites such as amount, shape, and contact area of the reinforcing agents with the polymer matrix, have been highlighted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - Investigating the Particle Size of Chitosan-Based Drug Carriers for the Release of 5-Fluorouracil Antitumor Drug
Mohammad Hossein Karami Majid Abdouss Mandana KaramiChitosan has been widely used as a natural biopolymer. The modification of chitosan for various applications can be easily achieved due to the abundant active groups (NH2 and OH) in the main chain. Controlled drug release makes the drug release rate predictable and repe MoreChitosan has been widely used as a natural biopolymer. The modification of chitosan for various applications can be easily achieved due to the abundant active groups (NH2 and OH) in the main chain. Controlled drug release makes the drug release rate predictable and repeatable for prolonged release drugs. Drug delivery systems prepared from nanoparticles show several advantages, including improved efficiency and reduced toxicity. Using drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles loaded with anti-cancer agents is an effective method for targeting cancer cells. These systems, with the ability to penetrate better inside the cells, combine the drug in a targeted way in the cells. Also, due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR), the possibility of better accumulation of drugs in the tumor site is provided. In most researches, the suitable particle size for the targeted release of drug nanocarriers has been reported to be less than 300 or 200 nm. This amount is suitable for the application of drug release for diffusion among tissues and causes the effect of increasing permeability. In this study, for the first time, it examines and analyzes the particle size and zeta potential (surface charge) of chitosan-based nanocarriers through dynamic light scattering and electron microscope tests in improving the release of the antitumor drug, 5-fluorouracil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - Polymer metal-organic framework (PolymerMOF) hybrids and composites synthesis techniques and applications
Mohsen Sadroddini Amin AlamdariMetal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are formed through the self-assembly of metal nodes and organic bonds, resulting in a nanoporous crystalline framework. High porosity, high specific surface area, adjustable pore size and good stabil MoreMetal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are formed through the self-assembly of metal nodes and organic bonds, resulting in a nanoporous crystalline framework. High porosity, high specific surface area, adjustable pore size and good stability are some of their most significant attributes. Hybridization with flexible materials like polymers is an emerging trend in MOF research. Polymers possess distinctive characteristics, including softness, thermal and chemical stability, suitable optical properties, and ease of processing. These properties can be combined with MOFs to produce hybrid structures with intricate architecture and distinctive characteristics. Among the most important novel applications of the polymer/MOF hybrids are gas separation and adsorption, ion exchange membranes and nanofiltration, sensors, catalysts, biomedical, etc. The objective of this article is to investigate the hybridization technique of MOFs and polymers, as well as the attractive applications of these hybrid materials. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are formed through the self-assembly of metal nodes and organic bonds, resulting in a nanoporous crystalline framework. High porosity, high specific surface area, adjustable pore size and good stability are some of their most significant attributes. Hybridization with flexible materials like polymers is an emerging trend in MOF research. Polymers possess distinctive characteristics, including softness, thermal and chemical stability, suitable optical properties, and ease of processing. These properties can be combined with MOFs to produce hybrid structures with intricate architecture and distinctive characteristics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - A review of polymer bonded explosive rheology
Mahmoud HeydariPolymer-bonded explosives are widely used in defense and commercial industries. In this type of explosive, very high amounts of explosive crystals (about 90% by weight) are surrounded by a polymeric binder (about 10%), which leads to a decrease in sensitivity and a sign MorePolymer-bonded explosives are widely used in defense and commercial industries. In this type of explosive, very high amounts of explosive crystals (about 90% by weight) are surrounded by a polymeric binder (about 10%), which leads to a decrease in sensitivity and a significant increase in safety during application and storage. These mixtures are molded in different ways, such as pressing, casting, extrusion, and injection. Studying the rheology of these mixtures with a high percentage of solid loading leads to finding the appropriate quality control method at different production stages. The first step was to review studies on alternatives to simulating explosive rheological behavior, such as dechlorane, calcium carbonate, sugar, etc. The general behavior of simulated mixtures, such as yield stress, shear rate dependence, time dependence, etc., is compared with original explosive. The results showed that despite the similarity in some rheological behaviors, it is impossible to predict and study all the rheological behaviors of polymer-bonded explosives using simulating materials. This paper discusses factors affecting the rheology of polymer-bonded explosives, such as particle size distribution, modification of explosive crystal surfaces, and plasticizer. A review of scientific sources showed that using a wide distribution of explosive crystal particles compared to a narrow distribution led to a significant reduction in viscosity and dependence on shear rate and time. The absence of strong interactions between crystal particles and polymer binder leads to no observation of quasi-solid behavior even in 85% by weight of explosive crystals such as octogen in hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Investigating the Particle Size of Chitosan-Based Drug Carriers for the Release of 5-Fluorouracil Antitumor Drug
Mohammad Hossein Karami Majid Abdouss Mandana KaramiChitosan has been widely used as a natural biopolymer. The modification of chitosan for various applications can be easily achieved due to the abundant active groups (NH2 and OH) in the main chain. Controlled drug release makes the drug release rate predictable and repe MoreChitosan has been widely used as a natural biopolymer. The modification of chitosan for various applications can be easily achieved due to the abundant active groups (NH2 and OH) in the main chain. Controlled drug release makes the drug release rate predictable and repeatable for prolonged release drugs. Drug delivery systems prepared from nanoparticles show several advantages, including improved efficiency and reduced toxicity. Using drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles loaded with anti-cancer agents is an effective method for targeting cancer cells. These systems, with the ability to penetrate better inside the cells, combine the drug in a targeted way in the cells. Also, due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR), the possibility of better accumulation of drugs in the tumor site is provided. In most researches, the suitable particle size for the targeted release of drug nanocarriers has been reported to be less than 300 or 200 nm. This amount is suitable for the application of drug release for diffusion among tissues and causes the effect of increasing permeability. In this study, for the first time, it examines and analyzes the particle size and zeta potential (surface charge) of chitosan-based nanocarriers through dynamic light scattering and electron microscope tests in improving the release of the antitumor drug, 5-fluorouracil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Modeling the behavior of polymer matrix composite pipes carrying fluid exposed to hydrocarbon fire
Alireza Rahimi Ehsan SelahiDespite the very good mechanical properties of composite materials, the strength of these materials is not suitable for heat resistance. Therefore, due to the increasing use of composite pipes, especially in the oil, gas and petrochemical industries, fire analysis in th MoreDespite the very good mechanical properties of composite materials, the strength of these materials is not suitable for heat resistance. Therefore, due to the increasing use of composite pipes, especially in the oil, gas and petrochemical industries, fire analysis in these pipes is very important. The most important goal of this research was to investigate the effects of fire on the strength of composite pipes and their failure time by performing a numerical thermal-mechanical analysis for a fluid-carrying composite pipe using MATLAB software. At the first step thermal modeling is carried out and heat distribution, due to the hydro carbonian fire, in the composite pipes is determined in terms of the location and time and then in the mechanical modeling stage, the loss of mechanical properties of the composite pipe due to this increase in temperature is calculated and considering the stresses from the fluid inside the pipe as well as thermal stresses have been created, the total stresses have been calculated. This Thermo-Mechanical model has been validated with the results found in valid articles and used to analyze the behavior of a fluid-carrying composite pipe exposed to hydrocarbon fire. Finally, the Tsai–Wu failure theory was employed to determine the failure time of the pipe in the above-mentioned conditions. By estimating the failure time of the composite pipe, it was possible to determine the pressure bearing capacity and failure time of pressurized composite pipes subjected to fire Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Investigating the properties and application of various types of adhesives used in the body
Hamidreza Haydari marziyeh hosseiniNowadays, in order to treat and repair bone fractures, metal screws and plates are used; But normally, this method will cause problems in surgeries and bone fractures, including skull and vertebral column fractures, which for example can include things such as long oper MoreNowadays, in order to treat and repair bone fractures, metal screws and plates are used; But normally, this method will cause problems in surgeries and bone fractures, including skull and vertebral column fractures, which for example can include things such as long operation time which increases the surgery time, the possibility of damage to the bone tissues around the fracture, difficulty and failure. He pointed out the plates. Therefore, researchers and orthopedic surgeons are looking for a suitable alternative to this method. The use of bone glues is one of the new technologies in this direction that has been proposed to solve such problems. These adhesives must have characteristics such as acceptable adhesion of proteins, tissues and bone, especially in the presence of fat around the bone and stability of adhesion in these environments, and over time, have high mechanical strength against tensile, shear and compressive stresses. Also, having characteristics such as non-toxicity, biocompatibility, appropriate biodegradability, quick and easy application, and good fracture stabilization are required for these adhesives. In this article, some of these bio-adhesives, how to prepare and use them are discussed. Nowadays, in order to treat and repair bone fractures, metal screws and plates are used; But normally, this method will cause problems in surgeries and bone fractures, including skull and vertebral column fractures, which for example can include things such as long operation time which increases the surgery time, the possibility of damage to the bone tissues around the fracture, difficulty and failure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Crystallinity of polymers determined by differential scanning calorimetry (II)
Mina AlizadehaghdamDifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is widely used to determine the crystallinity of semicrystalline polymers. In the two-phase model, the measured heat of fusion is compared to the melting enthalpy of a completely crystalline polymer to get the crystallinity degree MoreDifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is widely used to determine the crystallinity of semicrystalline polymers. In the two-phase model, the measured heat of fusion is compared to the melting enthalpy of a completely crystalline polymer to get the crystallinity degree. Fusion heat of a polymeric sample is identified by area under the melting endotherm and a baseline. A correct baseline is heat capacity of the semicrystalline sample. It varies with both temperature and crystallinity and is difficult to evaluate. Enthalpy of a process is a state-function quantity and is independent of the process path. In polymer melting, temperature increase and fusion process occur simultaneously. This makes evaluation of the fusion heat challenging. Herein, alternative paths are supposed in which temperature increase and fusion process occur separately and sequentially. This leads to a convenient enthalpy evaluation. Two alternative paths can be defined: first, polymer melts at a constant temperature which is followed by temperature increase of the melt; second, polymer temperature increases without any change in crystallinity degree which is followed by polymer melting at a constant temperature. Lastly, an enthalpy deficiency due to the amorphous-crystalline interface and an excess enthalpy due to the defects present in crystalline regions are investigated how to affect the crystallinity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Polymer processes in the light of artificial intelligence
Zeinab Sadat HosseiniArtificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the daily life of humans on the planet by entering different fields. This tool has opened a new window on the activists in the field of polymer science and engineering, like other sciences, and it can be widely used in the ma MoreArtificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the daily life of humans on the planet by entering different fields. This tool has opened a new window on the activists in the field of polymer science and engineering, like other sciences, and it can be widely used in the manufacture of polymers and their derivatives, mixing processes, forming polymers, composites, and designing and manufacturing the related equipment. Artificial intelligence algorithms can enable the analysis of a large and unlimited amount of data obtained from sensors and process monitoring systems. These patterns and methods have provided the ability to process cases that are difficult or impossible to detect manually and are used in modeling and simulation, process control, error detection and recommender systems, and can be used to achieve optimal mixing by considering the properties of the mixture components and technical specifications, can be provided recommendations for the desired product. Artificial intelligence can control the process factors to ensure consistency and uniform dispersion of additives, fillers, and colors, resulting in higher quality mixing and products with optimized properties. It can also help reduce the cycle time without compromising product quality, which can lead to significant cost savings and the greater productivity, and can enable preventative maintenance. In this study, the application of artificial intelligence in some polymer processes was investigated, specifically in the rubber compounding, the composite preparation and the extrusion, which promises a new direction in the polymer processes. Manuscript profile
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