A review of polymer bonded explosive rheology
Subject Areas :
1 -
Keywords: polymer bonded explosive, rheology, polymeric binder, yield stress, particle size distribution,
Abstract :
Polymer-bonded explosives are widely used in defense and commercial industries. In this type of explosive, very high amounts of explosive crystals (about 90% by weight) are surrounded by a polymeric binder (about 10%), which leads to a decrease in sensitivity and a significant increase in safety during application and storage. These mixtures are molded in different ways, such as pressing, casting, extrusion, and injection. Studying the rheology of these mixtures with a high percentage of solid loading leads to finding the appropriate quality control method at different production stages. The first step was to review studies on alternatives to simulating explosive rheological behavior, such as dechlorane, calcium carbonate, sugar, etc. The general behavior of simulated mixtures, such as yield stress, shear rate dependence, time dependence, etc., is compared with original explosive. The results showed that despite the similarity in some rheological behaviors, it is impossible to predict and study all the rheological behaviors of polymer-bonded explosives using simulating materials. This paper discusses factors affecting the rheology of polymer-bonded explosives, such as particle size distribution, modification of explosive crystal surfaces, and plasticizer. A review of scientific sources showed that using a wide distribution of explosive crystal particles compared to a narrow distribution led to a significant reduction in viscosity and dependence on shear rate and time. The absence of strong interactions between crystal particles and polymer binder leads to no observation of quasi-solid behavior even in 85% by weight of explosive crystals such as octogen in hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene
1. Zhang Z., Cao X., Gao G., Chen Y., Preparation and Thermal Stability of Nano-Sized Hmx-Based Polymer Bonded Explosives, Combustion Science and Technology, 195, 1945-1959, 2023.
2. Yan Q.-L.Zeman S.,Elbeih A., Recent Advances in Thermal Analysis and Stability Evaluation of Insensitive Plastic Bonded Explosives (Pbxs), Thermochimica Acta, 537, 1-12, 2012.
3. Szala M., Polymer-Bonded Secondary Explosives, Materiały
Wysokoenergetyczne, 13, 5-16, 2021.
4. Zalewski K., Chyłek Z.,Trzciński W.A., A Review of Polysiloxanes in Terms of Their Application in Explosives, Polymers, 13, 1080-1091, 2021.
5. Mark Hoffman D., Dynamic Mechanical Signatures of Viton A and Plastic Bonded Explosives Based on This Polymer, Polymer
Engineering & Science, 43, 139-156, 2003.
6. Daniel M.A., Polyurethane Binder Systems for Polymer Bonded Explosives, Chemistry, Engineering, 2006.
7. Elbeih A., Zeman S., Jungova M., Vávra P., Akstein Z.,
Effect of Different Polymeric Matrices on Some Properties of Plastic Bonded Explosives, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 37, 676-684, 2012.
8. Gozin M., Fershtat L.L., Recent Advances in Chemistry of Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Polymers and Plasticizers, In book : Nitrogen-
Rich Energetic Materials, 189-238, 2023.
9. Xiao Y., Gong T., Zhang X., Sun Y., Multiscale Modeling for Dynamic Compressive Behavior of Polymer Bonded Explosives, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 242, 108007, 2023.
10. Rueda M.M., Auscher M.-C.Fulchiron R., Périé T., Martin G., Sonntag P., Cassagnau P., Rheology and Applications of Highly Filled Polymers: A Review of Current Understanding, Progress in Polymer Science, 66, 22-53, 2017.
11. Kalyon D.M., Aktaş S., Factors Affecting the Rheology and Processability of Highly Filled Suspensions, Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 5, 229-254, 2014.
12. Cloitre M., Bonnecaze R.T., A Review on Wall Slip in High Solid Dispersions, Rheologica Acta, 56, 283-305, 2017.
13. Malkin A.Y.,Patlazhan S., Wall Slip for Complex Liquids–Phenomenon and Its Causes, Advances in Colloid and Interface
Science, 257, 42-57, 2018.
14. Buscall R., Wall Slip in Dispersion Rheometry, Journal of Rheology, 54, 1177-1183, 2010.
15. Kukla C., Duretek I., Gonzalez-Gutierrez J., Holzer C., Rheology of Highly Filled Polymers, Polymer rheology,
Mexico, 153-173, 2018.
16. Naeun L., Rheological Properties Comparison Between Polymer Bonded Explosives (Pbx) and Its Simulant. in AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing, Korea, 2016.
17. Choi J.H., Lee S., Lee J.W., Non-Newtonian Behavior
Observed Via Dynamic Rheology for Various Particle Types in Energetic Materials and Simulant Composites, Korea-Australia Rheology Journal, 29, 9-15, 2017.
18. Lee S., Hong I.-K.Lee J.W., Shim J.S., Estimation of
Rheological Properties of Highly Concentrated Polymer Bonded Explosive Simulant by Microstructure Analysis, Polymer (Korea), 38, 225-231, 2014.
19. Lee S., Hong I.-K.Lee J.W., Lee K.D., Highly Concentrated Polymer Bonded Explosive Simulant: Rheology of Exact/Dechlorane Suspension, Polymer (Korea), 38, 286-292, 2014.
20. Lee S., Hong I.-K.Ahn Y., Lee J.W., Rheological Characteristics of Highly Concentrated Polymer Bonded Explosive Simulant: Wall Slip, Thixotropy, and Flow Instability, Polymer (Korea), 38, 213-219, 2014.
21. Cheng W., Li K., Gao L., Feng C., An C., Ye B., Wang J., Effect of the Fractal Characteristics of the Rdx Particles on the Rheology of the Rdx-Based Casting Aluminized Explosives, Journal of Energetic Materials, 41, 615-631, 2023.
22. Effects of Hmx Gradation on the Rheological Properties of the Aldol Based Polymer Bonded Explosive, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 24, 978-984, 2016.
23. Chong J., Christiansen E., Baer A., Rheology of Concentrated Suspensions, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 15, 2007-2021, 1971.
24. Li H. X., Wang J. Y., An C. W., Study on the Rheological Properties of Cl-20/Htpb Casting Explosives, Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, 11, 237-255, 2014.
25. Duan S., Ding F., Sun H., Xiao C., Li S., Zhu Q., Construction of Cl-20 Surface Layer with Different Wetting Properties and Its Effect on Slurry Rheological Behavior and Mechanical Sensitivities, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 46, 1837-1843, 2021.
26. Bajić D., Dimitrijević I.,Terzić S., Influence of Differently Cured Polymeric Binders on Rheology Properties of Plastic Explosives, Scientific Technical Review, 72, 38-43, 2022.
27. Ramli H., Zainal N.F.A., Hess M., Chan C.H., Basic Principle and Good Practices of Rheology for Polymers for Teachers and Beginners, Chemistry Teacher International, 4, 307-326, 2022.
28. Wei Y., Wang J.-Y.An C., Li H., Curing Reaction and
Rheological Properties of the Slurry of an Htpb/Cl-20-Based Composite Explosive, International Journal of Energetic
Materials and Chemical Propulsion, 14, 437-451, 2015.
29. Lee S., Choi J.H., Hong I.-K., Lee J.W., Curing Behavior of Polyurethane as a Binder for Polymer-Bonded Explosives, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 21, 980-985, 2015.
30. Yılmaz G.A., Şen D., Kaya Z.T., Tinçer T., Effect of Inert Plasticizers on Mechanical, Thermal, and Sensitivity Properties
of Polyurethane-Based Plastic Bonded Explosives, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 131, 40907(1-8), 2014.
31. Holland R.A., Kirschvink J.L., Doak T.G., Wikelski M., Bats Use Magnetite to Detect the Earth's Magnetic Field, Plos One, 3, 1-6, 2008.