مروری بر روشهای ساخت اسفنج پلیدیمتیلسیلوکسان و معرفی ویژگیهای کلیدی آن
محورهای موضوعی :
نوید علی پور
1
,
علیرضا کیاست
2
*
,
رویا میرزاجانی
3
1 - گروه شیمی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز
2 - دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز
3 - گروه شیمی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز
کلید واژه: اسفنج, پلیدیمتیلسیلوکسان, اسفنجهای متخلخل PDMS, ,
چکیده مقاله :
اسفنجهای متخلخل پلیدیمتیلسیلوکسان (PDMS) به دلیل ترکیب بینظیر و منحصر بفرد و در کنار ویژگیهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی برجسته، به عنوان مواد کلیدی در حوزههای صنعتی و پزشکی مطرح شدهاند. این مواد به دلیل قابلیتهای منحصربهفردشان، در کاربردهای نوآورانهای مانند مهندسی بافت، سیستمهای میکروفلوئیدیک، حسگرها، جاذبها و دستگاههای پزشکی زیستسازگار مورد توجه قرار گرفتهاند. این مقاله به بررسی و تحلیل روشهای گوناگون ساخت اسفنجهای متخلخل PDMS میپردازد. تکنیکهای مورد بحث شامل قالببرداری سخت، روش امولسیون، گازفومینگ، جداسازی فاز توسط تبخیر (EIPS) و چاپ سهبعدی است. برای هر روش، مکانیسمهای شکلگیری منافذ و تأثیر آنها بر مورفولوژی، اندازه منافذ و خواص نهایی اسفنج به تفصیل شرح داده شده است. علاوه بر این، ویژگیهای ذاتی و برجسته اسفنج PDMS مانند آبگریزی، چگالی بسیار پایین، انعطافپذیری استثنایی، پایداری شیمیایی و حرارتی بالا، زیستسازگاری مطلوب، شفافیت نوری و جذب کم نور معرفی شده و دلایل علمی و بنیادی هر یک با استناد به ساختار مولکولی و ماهیت شیمیایی PDMS تبیین گردیده است. این مقاله به وضوح نشان میدهد که انتخاب هوشمندانه روش ساخت، در کنار بهرهبرداری بهینه از خصوصیات ذاتی بینظیر PDMS، نقش تعیینکنندهای در دستیابی به عملکرد بهینه و اختصاصی این اسفنجها برای کاربردهای مورد نظر دارد و مسیر را برای توسعه مواد پیشرفتهتر هموار میسازد.
Porous Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sponges have emerged as key materials in industrial and medical fields due to their unparalleled and unique combination of outstanding physical and chemical properties. These materials, owing to their distinctive capabilities, have garnered significant attention in innovative applications such as tissue engineering, microfluidic systems, sensors, absorbents, and biocompatible medical devices. This article delves into the review and analysis of various methods for fabricating porous PDMS sponges. The techniques discussed encompass hard templating, emulsion methods, gas foaming, evaporation-induced phase separation (EIPS), and 3D printing. For each methodology, the pore formation mechanisms and their effects on the sponge's morphology, pore size, and final properties are explained in detail. Furthermore, the inherent and prominent characteristics of PDMS sponges, including hydrophobicity, very low density, exceptional flexibility, high chemical and thermal stability, favorable biocompatibility, optical transparency, and low light absorption, are introduced. The scientific and fundamental reasons behind each of these properties are elucidated, referencing the molecular structure and chemical nature of PDMS. This article clearly demonstrates that the judicious selection of fabrication methods, alongside the optimal utilization of PDMS's unique intrinsic properties, plays a decisive role in achieving the optimal and specific performance of these sponges for their intended applications, thereby paving the way for the development of more advanced materials.
1. Ding, S.-Y., Wang, W., "Covalent organic frameworks (COFs): from design to applications", Chemical Society Reviews, 42, 548-68, 2013.
2. Li, S., Zhang, J., He, J., Liu, W., Wang, Y., Huang, Z., et al., "Functional PDMS elastomers: bulk composites, surface engineering, and precision fabrication", Advanced Science, 10, 2304506, 2023.
3. González-Rivera, J., Iglio, R., Barillaro, G., Duce, C., Tinè, M. R., "Structural and thermoanalytical characterization of 3D porous PDMS foam materials: the effect of impurities derived from a sugar templating process", Polymers, 10, 616, 2018.
4. Ariati, R., Sales, F., Souza, A., Lima, R. A., Ribeiro, J., "Polydimethylsiloxane composites characterization and its applications: a review", Polymers, 13, 4258, 2021.
5. Yilgör, E., Yilgör, I., "Silicone containing copolymers: Synthesis, properties and applications", Progress in Polymer Science, 39, 1165-95, 2014.
6. Chen, I.-J., Lindner, E., "The stability of radio-frequency plasma-treated polydimethylsiloxane surfaces", Langmuir, 23, 3118-22, 2007.
7. Zhu, D., Handschuh-Wang, S., Zhou, X., "Recent progress in fabrication and application of polydimethylsiloxane sponges", Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 5, 16467-97, 2017.
8. Wang, C.-J., Kuan, W.-F., Lin, H.-P., Shchipunov, Y. A., Chen, L.-J., "Facile hydrophilic modification of polydimethylsiloxane-based sponges for efficient oil–water separation", Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 96, 144-55, 2021.
9. Kwak, Y., Kang, Y., Park, W., Jo, E., Kim, J., "Fabrication of fine-pored polydimethylsiloxane using an isopropyl alcohol and water mixture for adjustable mechanical, optical, and thermal properties", RSC advances, 11, 18061-7, 2021.
10. Lee, S., Lee, G., Ryu, J., Lee, D. W., "Surfactant-free, spray-assisted water droplet templating for efficient fabrication of ultraviolet-curable polydimethylsiloxane sponge as a reusable oil cleanup sorbent", Chemical Engineering Journal, 488, 150958, 2024.
11. Alatawi, L., Abdullah, A. H., Jamil, S. N. A. M., Yunus, R., "A Facile and Green Synthesis of Hydrophobic Polydimethylsiloxane Foam for Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene Removal", Separations, 10, 377, 2023.
12. Hong, S., Kim, H., Qaiser, N., Baumli, P., Hwang, B., "A review of recent progress in fabrication methods and applications of polydimethylsiloxane sponge", Journal of Natural Fibers, 20, 2264497, 2023.
13. Abshirini, M., "Synthesis and Characterizations of Lightweight, Highly Flexible Porous Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Structures with Piezoresistive Strain Sensing Capabilities Using Solvent Evaporation Technique", 2022.
14. Jung, S., Kim, J. H., Kim, J., Choi, S., Lee, J., Park, I., et al., "Reverse-micelle-induced porous pressure-sensitive rubber for wearable human-machine interfaces", Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla), 26, 4825-30, 2014.
15. Zhao, J., Luo, G., Wu, J., Xia, H., "Preparation of microporous silicone rubber membrane with tunable pore size via solvent evaporation-induced phase separation", ACS applied materials & interfaces, 5, 2040-6, 2013.
16. Hinton, T. J., Hudson, A., Pusch, K., Lee, A., Feinberg, A. W., "3D printing PDMS elastomer in a hydrophilic support bath via freeform reversible embedding", ACS biomaterials science & engineering, 2, 1781-6, 2016.
17. Tie, K. W., Sim, J. H., Tey, J. Y., Yeo, W. H., Lee, Z. H., Ng, L. Y., et al., "Additive Manufacturing via Direct Ink Writing of Customized Silicone Foam with Glycerol as Dispersed Phase for Diverse Applications", Processes, 13, 677, 2025.
18. Bo, W., Xueqin, Z., Bingkun, L., Yijie, L., Chenguang, Y., Yujun, G., et al., "Advances in superhydrophobic material research: from preparation to electrified railway protection", RSC advances, 14, 12204-17, 2024.
19. Yu, C., Yu, C., Cui, L., Song, Z., Zhao, X., Ma, Y., et al., "Facile preparation of the porous PDMS oil‐absorbent for oil/water separation", Advanced Materials Interfaces, 4, 1600862, 2017.
20. He, X., Yang, M., Hu, F., Jiang, G., Shen, Y., "Comparative Study on the Foaming and Fireproof Properties of PDMS Foam Composites with Different Inorganic Fillers", Buildings, 15, 1172, 2025.
21. Timusk, M., Nigol, I. A., Vlassov, S., Oras, S., Kangur, T., Linarts, A., et al., "Low-density PDMS foams by controlled destabilization of thixotropic emulsions", Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 626, 265-75, 2022.
22. Han, T.-L., Guo, B.-F., Zhang, G.-D., Tang, L.-C., "Facile synthesis of hollow glass microsphere filled PDMS foam composites with exceptional lightweight, mechanical flexibility, and thermal insulating property", Molecules, 28, 2614, 2023.
23. Chen, L., Huang, S., Ras, R. H., Tian, X., "Omniphobic liquid-like surfaces", Nature Reviews Chemistry, 7, 123-37, 2023.
24. Mark, J. E., "Conformations and spatial configurations of inorganic polymers", Macromolecules, 11, 627-33, 1978.
25. Weinhold, F., West, R., "The nature of the silicon–oxygen bond", Organometallics, 30, 5815-24, 2011.
26. Colas, A., Curtis, J., "Silicone biomaterials: history and chemistry", Biomaterials science: an introduction to materials in medicine, 2, 80-5, 2004.
27. Trung, T. Q., Lee, N. E., "Recent progress on stretchable electronic devices with intrinsically stretchable components", Advanced Materials, 29, 1603167, 2017.
28. Morawska-Chochół, A., Szumera, M., Młyniec, A., Pielichowska, K., "The Effect of Aging Process Conditions on the Thermal Properties of Poly (Dimethylsiloxane)-Based Silicone Rubber", Materials, 17, 5608, 2024.
29. Abdelhafeez, I. A., Zhou, X., Yao, Q., Yu, Z., Gong, Y., Chen, J., "Multifunctional edge-activated carbon nitride nanosheet-wrapped polydimethylsiloxane sponge skeleton for selective oil absorption and photocatalysis", ACS omega, 5, 4181-90, 2020.
30. Zhao, X., Li, L., Li, B., Zhang, J., Wang, A., "Durable superhydrophobic/superoleophilic PDMS sponges and their applications in selective oil absorption and in plugging oil leakages", Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2, 18281-7, 2014.
31. Lee, J. N., Park, C., Whitesides, G. M., "Solvent compatibility of poly (dimethylsiloxane)-based microfluidic devices", Analytical chemistry, 75, 6544-54, 2003.
32. Lima, R. A., "The Impact of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in Engineering: Recent Advances and Applications", Fluids, 10, 41, 2025.
33. Regehr, K. J., Domenech, M., Koepsel, J. T., Carver, K. C., Ellison-Zelski, S. J., Murphy, W. L., et al., "Biological implications of polydimethylsiloxane-based microfluidic cell culture", Lab on a Chip, 9, 2132-9, 2009.
34. Zhou, L., Rada, J., Zhang, H., Song, H., Mirniaharikandi, S., Ooi, B. S., et al., "Sustainable and inexpensive polydimethylsiloxane sponges for daytime radiative cooling", Advanced Science, 8, 2102502, 2021.
35. McDonald, J. C., Whitesides, G. M., "Poly (dimethylsiloxane) as a material for fabricating microfluidic devices", Accounts of chemical research, 35, 491-9, 2002.
36. Vlassov, S., Oras, S., Timusk, M., Zadin, V., Tiirats, T., Sosnin, I. M., et al., "Thermal, mechanical, and acoustic properties of polydimethylsiloxane filled with hollow glass microspheres", Materials, 15, 1652, 2022.
37. Joseph, M., Van Hileghem, L., Postelmans, A., Lammertyn, J., Saeys, W., "Fabrication and characterization of porous tissue‐mimicking optical phantoms as a tool for optical sensor validation", Journal of Biophotonics, 16, e202200338, 2023.
38. Xu, G., Ni, Z., Chen, X., Tu, J., Guo, X., Bruus, H., et al., "Acoustic characterization of polydimethylsiloxane for microscale acoustofluidics", Physical Review Applied, 13, 054069, 2020.
39. Rutkevičius, M., Mehl, G. H., Paunov, V. N., Qin, Q., Rubini, P. A., Stoyanov, S. D., et al., "Sound absorption properties of porous composites fabricated by a hydrogel templating technique", Journal of Materials Research, 28, 2409-14, 2013.
40. Guillermic, R.-M., Lanoy, M., Strybulevych, A., Page, J. H., "A PDMS-based broadband acoustic impedance matched material for underwater applications", Ultrasonics, 94, 152-7, 2019.
41. Camino, G., Lomakin, S., Lazzari, M., "Polydimethylsiloxane thermal degradation Part 1. Kinetic aspects", Polymer, 42, 2395-402, 2001.
42. Diaz Lantada, A., Alarcon Iniesta, H., Pareja Sanchez, B., García-Ruíz, J. P., "Free‐Form Rapid Prototyped Porous PDMS Scaffolds Incorporating Growth Factors Promote Chondrogenesis", Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2014, 612976, 2014.
43. Abshirini, M., Saha, M. C., Altan, M. C., Liu, Y., "Synthesis and characterization of hierarchical porous structure of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sheets via two-step phase separation method", Materials & Design, 212, 110194, 2021.
44. Szabó, P., Németh, Z., Szabó, R., Lázár, I., Pirger, Z., Gáspár, A., "Removal of Octinoxate, a UV-filter Compound, from Aquatic Environment Using Polydimethylsiloxane Sponge", Water, 17, 2306, 2025.
45. Liao, W., Wang, P., Xu, Z., Huang, X., "Microfluidic foaming of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)", Materials Letters, 379, 137653, 2025.
46. Choi, S.-J., Kwon, T.-H., Im, H., Moon, D.-I., Baek, D. J., Seol, M.-L., et al., "A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sponge for the selective absorption of oil from water", ACS applied materials & interfaces, 3, 4552-6, 2011.
47. Karimi-Chaleshtori, R., Nassajpour-Esfahani, A., Saeri, M., Rezai, P., Doostmohammadi, A., "Silver nanowire-embedded PDMS with high electrical conductivity: nanowires synthesis, composite processing and electrical analysis", Materials Today Chemistry, 21, 100496, 2021.
48. Zhang, C., Qu, L., Wang, Y., Xu, T., Zhang, C., "Thermal insulation and stability of polysiloxane foams containing hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes", RSC advances, 8, 9901-9, 2018.
49. Wang, S., Feng, D., Guan, H., Guo, Y., Liu, X., Yan, C., et al., "Highly efficient thermal conductivity of polydimethylsiloxane composites via introducing “Line-Plane”-like hetero-structured fillers", Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 157, 106911, 2022.
50. Tan, X., Zheng, J., "A novel porous PDMS-AgNWs-PDMS (PAP)-sponge-based capacitive pressure sensor", Polymers, 14, 1495, 2022.
51. Xia, H., Wang, L., Zhang, H., Wang, Z., Zhu, L., Cai, H., et al., "MXene/PPy@ PDMS sponge-based flexible pressure sensor for human posture recognition with the assistance of a convolutional neural network in deep learning", Microsystems & Nanoengineering, 9, 155, 2023.
52. Shin, J. H., Heo, J.-H., Jeon, S., Park, J. H., Kim, S., Kang, H.-W., "Bio-inspired hollow PDMS sponge for enhanced oil–water separation", Journal of hazardous materials, 365, 494-501, 2019.
53. Menge, H. G., Kim, J. O., Park, Y. T., "Enhanced triboelectric performance of modified PDMS nanocomposite multilayered nanogenerators", Materials, 13, 4156, 2020.
54. Fujii, T., "PDMS-based microfluidic devices for biomedical applications", Microelectronic engineering, 61, 907-14, 2002.
55. Chen, F., Chai, H., Song, Z., Yu, L., Fang, C., "Hydrophilic porous polydimethysiloxane sponge as a novel 3d matrix mimicking heterogeneous pores in soil for plant cultivation", Polymers, 12, 140, 2020.