مروری برآمیزههای برپایه فلوئوروالاستومرها
محورهای موضوعی :
1 - دانشگاه جامع امام حسین ع
کلید واژه: فلوئوروالاستومر, آمیزهسازی, سامانه پخت, نانوذرات, سازگارکننده.,
چکیده مقاله :
فلوئوروالاستومرها به دلیل عملکرد مناسب در دماهای بالا، مقاومت در برابر مواد شیمیایی خورنده، پایداری در برابر سوختها و انواع روغنها مورد توجه پژوهشگران و صنعتگران هستند. در این مقاله در ابتدا به انواع طبقهبندی فلوئوروالاستومرها پرداخته و سپس انواع افزودنیهای مورد استفاده در آمیزهسازی آنها مرور شد. انواع سامانههای پخت شامل پخت آمینی، .بیسفنولی، پراکسیدی و تابشی به همراه مزایا و معایب هر یک بررسی شدند. در ادامه به سایر اجزای هر یک از سامانههای پخت همچون شتابدهندهها، جاذبهای اسید و فعالکننده های مناسب پرداخته شد. انواع تقویتکنندههای مناسب برای آمیزههای فلوئوروالاستومر شامل دوده، تقویتکنندههای معدنی و انواع نانوذرات کربنی و غیرکربنی مرور گردید. نتایج نشان داد علیرغم تاثیر چشمگیر نانوذرات همچون نانوسیلیکا در بهبود خواص مکانیکی، استفاده از نانوذرات عاملدارشده بمنظور ایجاد اتصالات کووالانسی با زنجیرهای فلوئوروالاستومر و یا استفاده از نانوذرات بصورت هیبریدی (همچون نانولولههای کربنی و نانوصفحات گرافنی بصورت توامان)، راهبردی موثر در افزایش بازده استفاده از این ذرات میباشد. در ادامه به آلیاژهای فلوئوروالاستومرها با سایر رابرها همچون سیلیکونرابر بمنظور بهبود محدودیت دمای پایین کاربری آنها پرداخته شد. مهمترین مسئله در این حوزه تهیه و انتخاب سازگارکننده مناسب میان دو فاز بود. استفاده از نانوذرات همچون نانوسیلیکا و سازگارکنندههای واکنشی مهمترین رویه در منابع اخیر برای ارتقای سازگاری میباشند. در ادامه به نرمکنندههای مورد استفاده در فرمولاسیون آمیزههای مذکور اشاره شد. بررسی عوامل مهم در اختلاط باز و بسته این آمیزهها از بخشهای دیگر این مقاله میباشد.
Fluoroelastomers are of significant interest to both researchers and industrial practitioners due to their excellent high-temperature performance, resistance to corrosive chemicals, and stability in fuels and various oils. This article first discusses the classification of fluoroelastomers before reviewing the additives used in their compounding. Various curing systems—including amine, bisphenol, peroxide, and radiation curing—are examined, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each. Accompanying components of these systems, such as accelerators, acid absorbers, and suitable activators, are also addressed.
Suitable reinforcements for fluoroelastomer compounds are then reviewed, covering carbon black, mineral reinforcements, and various carbo and non-carbon nanoparticles. Findings indicate that while nanoparticles like nanosilica significantly enhance mechanical properties, the use of functionalized nanoparticles—which create covalent bonds with fluoroelastomer chains—or hybrid nanoparticles (such as carbon nanotubes combined with graphene nanosheets) represents an effective strategy to further improve particle efficiency.
The article also explores alloys of fluoroelastomers with other rubbers, such as silicone rubber, aimed at extending their low-temperature operational limits. A key challenge in this area is the development and selection of an appropriate compatibilizer between the two phases. Recent studies highlight the use of nanoparticles (e.g., nanosilica) and reactive compatibilizers as primary methods for enhancing phase compatibility.
Subsequently, the plasticizers used in formulating these blends are outlined. Finally, the article examines key factors involved in both open closed mixing processes for these compounds.
1. A Brief History of the Development of Fluororubber, https://www.heatexchangerjiema.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-the-development-of-fluororubber-173816.html. January 2024.
2. Drobny J. G., Fluorocarbon Elastomers, in Technology of Fluoropolymers. 2023, CRC Press. p. 133-186.
3. Korzeniowski S. H., Buck R. C., Newkold R. M., kassmi A. E., Laganis E., Matsuoka Y., Dinelli B., Beauchet S., Adamsky F., and Weilandt K., A Critical Review of the Application of Polymer of Low Concern Regulatory Criteria to Fluoropolymers Ii: Fluoroplastics and Fluoroelastomers. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 19, 326-354, 2023.
4. Henry B. J., Carlin J. P., Hammerschmidt J. A., Buck R. C., Buxton L. W., Fiedler H., Seed J., and Hernandez O., A Critical Review of the Application of Polymer of Low Concern and Regulatory Criteria to Fluoropolymers. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 14, 316-334, 2018.
5. Chen Y., Wu Y., Li J., Peng X., Wang S., Wang J., and Jin H. J. C. P. C. O. A., Fluororubber Composites: Preparation Methods, Vulcanization Mechanisms, and the Associated Properties Composites:Part C Open Access, 14, 100461, 1-18, 2024.
6. Ameduri B., Boutevin B., and Kostov G. J. P. i. P. S., Fluoroelastomers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications, Progress in Polymer Science, 26, 105-187, 2001.
7. Xu Z., Zhang Y., Li A., Wang J., Wang G., and He Q., Research Progress on Compounding Agent and Mechanical Test Method of Fluororubber. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 138, 50913, 1-28, 2021.
8. Duan J., Yang C., Kang H., Li L., Yang F., Fang Q., Han W., and Li D., Structure, Preparation and Properties of Liquid Fluoroelastomers with Different End Groups. RSC advances, 12, 3108-3118, 2022.
9. Https://Www.Tribonet.Org/Wiki/Fluorocarbon-Elastomers/.
10. Verschuere A. and Cole E., Ffkm to Overcome New Challenges: An Introduction to Perfluoroelastomers. Rubber Fibres Plastics Intl, 10, 122-129, 2015.
11. Jagels S., Tecnoflon® a Guide to Fluoroelastomer, http://20.210.105.67/research/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/fkm_guide_rev113004.pdf
12. Upasani T., Formulating Fkm with Varying Levels of Metal Oxides , Rubber and Plastics News, 15-17, 2021.
13. Wang C. and Su Z., Vulcanization Behavior and Thermal Performance of Peroxide‐Curable Fluoroelastomer. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 139, 1-11, 2022.
14. Heat- and Fluid-Resistant Fluoroelastomer, www:chempoint.com.
15. Zhang H., Zhao L., Zhang C., Xu Y., Jia W. J. P. E., Study on the Interaction between Fluoroelastomer and Silica: Characterizations, Polymer Engineering and Science, 63, 4249-4261, 2023.
16. Shen P., Bao Y., Zhang Y., Wu Y., Li J., Wang S., Zhu Y., Gao J., and Jin H. J. J. o. T. C. M., Preparation of Kh550-Grafted-Nanosilica Microspheres to Improve the Mechanical, Thermal and Wear Resistance Properties of Fluoroelastomer, Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 37, 3652-3668, 2024.
17. Song R., Yang R., Wang C., and Su Z. J. P. S., Series A, Filling Effects of Baso4 and Caf2 on Non-Linear Rheological Behaviours and Mechanical Performances in Fluoroelastomer, Polymer Science, Series A, 66, 714-729, 2024.
18. Heidarian J., Hajjar Z., Rashidzadeh M., Mohajeri A., Salehi Barmi M. M., Karimi Dona M. H. J. P., Rubber, and Composites, Fluoroelastomer/Graphene Nanoplatelets Nanocomposite O-Rings Resistant to Sour Condensate for Centrifugal Pumps, Plastics, Rubber and Composites: Macromolecular Engineering, 1-17, 2025.
19. Kumar P., Penta S., Mahapatra S. P. J. J. o. E., and Plastics, Effects of Graphene Oxide Concentration and Frequency on Morphology, Mechanical and Rheological Studies of Fluoroelastomer Nanocomposites, Journal of Elastomers & Plastics, 55, 787-802, 2023.
20. Maldonado-Magnere S., Yazdani-Pedram M., Fuentealba P., Neira-Carrillo A., Lopez-Manchado M. A., Hernandez-Villar H., Bascuñan-Heredia A., Dahrouch M., and Aguilar-Bolados H. J. P., Understanding the Effect of Graphene Nanoplatelet Size on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Fluoroelastomer-Based Composites, Polymers, 17, 1-18, 2025.
21. Mensah B., Martey N.-A., Antwi B. Y., Essien E. J. P., Complementary Effect of Graphene Oxide-Carbon Nanotubes in Fluoro-Elastomer Matrix, Polymers and Polymer Composites 34, 1-17, 2026.
22. Chen Y., Wu Y., Li J., Peng X., Wang S., Wang J., and Jin H. J. C. P. C. O. A., Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Fluororubber through the Formation of Crosslinked Networks with Aminated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Reduced Graphene Oxides, Composites Part C: Open Acess, 7, 100245, 2022.
23. Periyasamy M., Mubasshir A., Kodra S., Chandramouli S., Campbell R., Kazmer D. O., and Mead J. L. J. M., From Formulation to Application: Effects of Plasticizer on the Printability of Fluoro Elastomer Compounds and Additive Manufacturing of Specialized Seals, Micromachines,15, 622, 2024.
24. Compounding Guide 3m™ Dyneon™ Fluoroelastomers.
25. Khanra S., Ganguly D., Ghorai S. K., Goswami D., and Chattopadhyay S. J. J. o. P. R., The Synergistic Effect of Fluorosilicone and Silica Towards the Compatibilization of Silicone Rubber and Fluoroelastomer Based High Performance Blend ,Journal of Polymer Research, 27, 2020.
26. Khanra S., Kumar A., Ganguly D., Ghorai S. K., Chattopadhyay S. J. P. E., Effect of Fkm‐G‐Acrylamide Reactive Compatibilizer on Mechanical, Thermal and Aging Behaviors of Fluoroelastomer (Fkm)/Silicone Rubber (Mvq) Blend, Polymer Engineering and Science, 62, 1239-1255, 2022.
27. Khanra S., Kumar A., Ganguly D., Ghorai S. K., and Chattopadhyay S. J. J. o. P. R., The Efficacy of Methyl Vinyl Silicone-G-Maleic Anhydride in the Compatibilization of Fluoroelastomer and Silicone Based Super Specialty Elastomer Blend, Journal of Polymer Research, 29, 1-18, 2022.
28. Li F., Lu J., Wang H., Hu Y., and Xia R. J. J. o. P. R., Study on the Preparation of Macromolecular Compatibilizer and Its Effect on the Characteristics of Fluoroelastomer (Fkm)/Silicone Rubber (Mvq) Blend, Journal of Polymer Research, 31, 1-10, 2024.
29. Liu G., Du F., Yao Z., Li G., Kuang W., Zhu C., Liu Y., Chen H., Wang F., and Zhou C., Effects of Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (Epdm)-Based Polar Macromolecular Compatibilizers on the Low-Temperature Properties of Fluoroelastomer/Epdm Rubber Blends. Molecules, 29, 5522, 2024.