پلیمرها و حلال های مورداستفاده در ساخت غشاء: مروری متمرکز بر توسعه پایدار غشاء
محورهای موضوعی : پليمرها و نانوفناوری
فرزاد مهرجو
1
(گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، مرکز آموزش عالی کاشمر، کاشمر، ایران)
کلید واژه: غشاهای پلیمری, حلال مشتق زیستی, جداسازی فاز ناشی از غیرحلال, ساخت غشاء, افزایش مقیاس,
چکیده مقاله :
فناوری غشایی به دلیل سهولت نسبی در ساخت و بهرهبرداری، نرخ گزینشپذیری بالا و عدم احیای جاذب، یک دهه در جداسازی مایع و گاز مورداستفاده شده است. غشاها را میتوان بر اساس ماده سنتز طبقهبندی کرد و به غشاهای آلی (پلیمری) و غیر آلی تقسیم میشوند. روش‌های مختلفی برای ساخت غشاهای پلیمری با روش جداسازی فاز ناشی از حلال (Nonsolvent Induced Phase Separation) که یکی از پرکاربردترین آنها میباشد، استفاده شده است. در NIPS، یک حلال یا مخلوط حلال برای حل کردن یک پلیمر یا مخلوط پلیمری موردنیاز است. N متیل 2 پیرولدین (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone)، دیمتیلاستامید (Dimethylacetamide)، دیمتیلفرمامید (Dimethylformamide) و سایر حلالهای مشتق شده از نفت معمولاً برای حل کردن برخی از پلیمرهای نفتی استفاده میشوند. با اینحال، این اجزاء ممکن است اثرات منفی بر محیطزیست و سلامت انسان داشته باشند. بنابراین، استفاده از اجزاء سبزتر و کمتر سمی برای افزایش پایداری ساخت غشاء از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. ساختار شیمیایی غشاها تحت تأثیر استفاده از حلالها، پلیمرهای مختلف یا تفاوت در مقیاس ساخت قرار نمیگیرد. از سوی دیگر، ساختار منافذ غشاء و زبری سطح می‌تواند به دلیل تفاوت در نرخ‌های انتشار مرتبط با انتشار حلالها/کمک حلالهای مختلف در غیرحلال و با تفاوت در زمان تبخیر تغییر کند. بنابراین، در این بررسی، حلالها و پلیمرهای دخیل در فرآیند ساخت غشاها پیشنهاد شده‌اند که با جایگزین‌های سبزتر/کمتر سمی جایگزین شوند. روشها و امکانسنجی تولید غشای پلیمری سبز نیز مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Membrane technology has been used for a decade in liquid and gas separation due to its relative ease in manufacturing and operation, high selectivity rate and lack of adsorbent regeneration. Membranes can be classified based on the synthesis material and are divided into organic (polymeric) and inorganic membranes. Different methods have been applied to fabricate polymeric membranes with nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS) being one of the most widely used. In NIPS, a solvent or solvent blend is required to dissolve a polymer or polymer blend. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), dimethylformamide (DMF), and other petroleum-derived solvents are commonly used to dissolve some petroleum-based polymers. However, these components may have negative impacts on the environment and human health. Therefore, using greener and less toxic components is of great interest for increasing membrane fabrication sustainability. The chemical structure of membranes is not affected by the use of different solvents, polymers, or by the differences in fabrication scale. On the other hand, membrane pore structures and surface roughness can change due to differences in diffusion rates associated with different solvents/co-solvents diffusing into the non-solvent and with differences in evaporation time. (2) Therefore, in this review, solvents and polymers involved in the manufacturing process of membranes are proposed to be replaced by greener/less toxic alternatives. The methods and feasibility of scaling up green polymeric membrane manufacturing are also examined.
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