مروری بر فناوری نوظهور چاپ سهبعدی گرانولی
محورهای موضوعی : پلیمرها و چاپ سه بعدیعاطفه نژادابراهیم 1 * , زینب اکبریان 2
1 - دانشگاه صنعتی قم
2 - دانشگاه صنعتی قم
کلید واژه: پرینت سه بعدی, پرینت سه بعدی اکستروژنی, پرینت سه بعدی گرانولی (FGF), پلیمرهای زیست سازگار. ,
چکیده مقاله :
چاپ سهبعدی گرانولی بهعنوان یکی از فناوریهای نوظهور در ساخت افزایشی اکستروژنی، به دلیل استفاده مستقیم از مواد اولیه گرانولی، بهعنوان جایگزینی امیدبخش برای سامانههای متداول فیلامنتمحور مطرح شده است. حذف مرحله میانی تولید فیلامنت، علاوه بر کاهش هزینههای فرایندی و مواد، موجب افزایش انعطافپذیری در انتخاب مواد و توسعه ترکیبات پلیمری و کامپوزیتی متنوع میشود. این مزیت، چاپ گرانولی را به گزینهای مناسب برای تولید قطعات مهندسی، ساختارهای زیستسازگار و کاربردهای بزرگمقیاس تبدیل کرده است.
در این میان، عملکرد سامانههای گرانولی بهشدت تحت تأثیر ویژگیهای ماده اولیه و پارامترهای فرایندی قرار دارد. در کامپوزیتهای پلیمری، نوع فیلر، اندازه ذرات، مورفولوژی، نسبت ابعادی و کیفیت توزیع و پراکنش آن در ماتریس، از جمله عوامل کلیدی در تعیین رفتار رئولوژیکی، پایداری اکستروژن، چسبندگی بینلایهای، دقت ابعادی و خواص نهایی قطعه چاپشده به شمار میروند. بنابراین، طراحی موفق فرمولاسیونهای قابل چاپ، نیازمند درک ارتباط متقابل میان ساختار ماده، ویژگیهای فیلر و شرایط فرایند است.
این مقاله مروری به بررسی مبانی، مزایا، چالشها و کاربردهای چاپ سهبعدی گرانولی پرداخته و آن را از منظر اقتصادی و فنی با چاپ سهبعدی فیلامنتی مقایسه میکند. همچنین، نقش پلیمرها و کامپوزیتهای زیستسازگار، اثر مشخصات فیلر بر چاپپذیری و عملکرد قطعه، و مهمترین چالشهای موجود در توسعه این فناوری مرور شده است. در پایان، مسیرهای آینده برای بهبود کیفیت چاپ، توسعه مواد پیشرفته و گسترش کاربردهای صنعتی و زیستپزشکی این فناوری ارائه میشود.
Fused granular fabrication, as an emerging extrusion-based additive manufacturing technology, has gained increasing attention as a promising alternative to conventional filament-based systems due to its direct utilization of polymer pellets as feedstock. Eliminating the intermediate filament production step not only reduces material and processing costs but also enhances flexibility in material selection and enables the development of diverse polymeric and composite formulations. These advantages position pellet-based printing as a suitable approach for manufacturing engineering components, biocompatible structures, and large-scale applications.
The performance of pellet-fed systems is strongly influenced by the intrinsic properties of the feedstock and the processing parameters. In polymer composites, filler characteristics—including type, particle size, morphology, aspect ratio, and dispersion quality within the polymer matrix—play a critical role in determining melt rheological behavior, extrusion stability, interlayer adhesion, dimensional accuracy, and the final mechanical and functional properties of printed parts. Therefore, successful design of printable formulations requires a comprehensive understanding of the interactions among material structure, filler characteristics, and processing conditions.
This review article discusses the fundamentals, advantages, challenges, and applications of granule-based 3D printing and provides a technical and economic comparison with filament-based additive manufacturing. Furthermore, the role of biocompatible polymers and composite systems, the influence of filler characteristics on printability and part performance, and the major challenges in advancing this technology are examined. Finally, future research directions aimed at improving print quality, developing advanced materials, and expanding industrial and biomedical applications are outlined.
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