تأثیر هیبرید نانو رس/دوده بر رفتار پخت، خواص مکانیکی و پسماند نانوکامپوزیت¬های بر پایه‌ی لاستیک استایرن‌بوتادین
محورهای موضوعی : پليمرها و نانوفناوریحمیدرضا حیدری 1 * , مرضیه حسینی 2
1 - دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر
2 - پژوهشگاه پلیمر و پتروشیمی ایران
کلید واژه: لاستیک SBR, نانوکامپوزیت, خواص فیزیکی و مکانیکی, پخت, پسماند,
چکیده مقاله :
نانورس به‌دلیل ساختار دوبعدی و نسبت سطح به حجم بالا، باعث ایجاد خواص کششی و رئولوژیکی بسیار خوبی در نانوکامپوزیت می‌شود. فرآورش لاستیک‌ها وابستگی زیادی به فرآیند پخت و کنترل آن، زمان، دما، سرعت ولکانش و سایر شرایط پخت دارد. از میان تمامي روش‌هاي تهیه‌ی نانوکامپوزیت، روش اختلاط مذاب از ساير روش‌ها بيشتر استفاده مي‌شود. به‌طورکلی سه ساختار تکتوئید، میان‌لایه‌ای و پرک‌شده برای نانوکامپوزیت‌ها وجود دارد و خواص نانوکامپوزیت‌ها به‌شدت به پراکنش نانوذره و برهم‌کنش آنها با زمینه وابسته می‌باشد. در این تحقیق به بررسی اثر مقدار نانوپرکننده و شرایط فرآیندی بر رفتار پخت، خواص مکانیکی و پسماند آمیزهی هیبرید بر پایه‌ی SBR و تقویت‌شده با نانورس و دوده تهیه‌شده به روش اختلاط مذاب پرداخته شده‌است. نتایج حاصل از نمودارهای پخت نمونههای نانوکامپوزیت نشان می‌دهد که با افزایش مقدار نانورس، زمان تکمیل پخت کاهش و سرعت پخت افزایش خواهد یافت و افزایش مقدار دوده، منجر به کاهش قابل توجه زمان برشتگی و زمان تکمیل پخت و افزایش قابل توجه سرعت پخت و اختلاط گشتاور می‌شود. هم‌چنین مطابق نتایج آزمون کششی با افزایش مقدار نانوذرات، خواص مکانیکی بهبود یافته‌است و افزایش بیشتر آن موجب افت خواص مکانیکی خواهد شد. نمودارهای پسماند نشان می‌دهند که با افزایش مقدار تقویت‌کنندهها و به‌ویژه دوده، مساحت سطح زیر نمودار تنش-کرنش در حالت بارگذاری-باربرداری به‌طور قابل توجهی افزایش می‌یابد.
Due to its two-dimensional structure and high surface-to-volume ratio, nanoclay creates excellent tensile and rheological properties in nanocomposites. Rubber processing is highly dependent on the curing process and its control, time, temperature, vulcanization rate, and other curing conditions. Among all the methods for preparing nanocomposites, the melt mixing method is used more than other methods. In general, there are three structures for nanocomposites: tactoid, Intercalation, and Exfoliation, and the properties of nanocomposites are highly dependent on the dispersion of nanoparticles and their interaction with the matrix. In this study, the effect of the amount of nanofiller and process conditions on the curing behavior, mechanical properties, and hysteresis of a hybrid blend based on SBR and reinforced with nanoclay and carbon black prepared by melt mixing has been investigated. The results of the curing diagrams of the nanocomposite samples show that with increasing the amount of nanoclay, the curing time will decrease and the curing rate will increase, and increasing the amount of carbon black will lead to a significant reduction in the scorch time and curing time and a significant increase in the curing rate and torque mixing. Also, according to the tensile test results, with increasing the amount of nanoparticles, the mechanical properties have improved, and its further increase will cause a decrease in the mechanical properties. The hystresis diagrams show that with increasing the amount of reinforcements, and especially carbon black, the area under the stress-strain diagram in the loading-unloading mode increases significantly.
[1] M. Liu, R. Liu, W. Chen, “Graphene wrapped Cu2O nanocubes: non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for the detection of glucose and hydrogen peroxide with enhanced stability”, Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 45, 206–212, 2013.
[2] G. Jiang, Z. Lin, C. Chen, L. Zhu, Q. Chang, N. Wang, W. Wei, H. Tang, “TiO2 nanoparticles assembled on graphene oxide nanosheets with high photocatalytic activity for removal of pollutants”, Carbon. 49, 2693–2701, 2011.
[3] M. Morton, Rubber technology, Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
[4] Sun, C., et al., “Enhanced cross-linking performances and carbon black (CB) dispersion in solution styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR) filled with triazine-based graphdiyne (TGDY)”. Composites Science and Technology, 223, p. 109438, 2022.
[5] Y. Ikeda, A. Kato, S. Kohjiya, Y. Nakajima, Rubber Science, Springer, 2018.
[6] Hosseini, S. M., Razzaghi-Kashani, M., "Catalytic and networking effects of carbon black on the kinetics and conversion of sulfur vulcanization in styrene butadiene rubber", Soft Matter, 14 (45), 9194-9208, 2018.
[7] K.S. Lee, A. Whelan, Developments in Rubber Technology—4, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
[8] J.E. Mark, B. Erman, M. Roland, The science and technology of rubber, Academic press, 2013.
[9] Franco-Urquiza, Edgar Adrian. "Clay-based polymer nanocomposites: essential work of fracture", Polymers, 13(15), 2399, 2021.
[10] M. Hosokawa, K. Nogi, M. Naito, T. Yokoyama, Nanoparticle technology handbook, Elsevier, 2012.
[11] S. Thomas, R. Stephen, Rubber nanocomposites: preparation, properties and applications, John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
[12] K.K. Kar, S. Rana, J. Pandey, Handbook of polymer nanocomposites. Processing, performance and application, Volume B: Carbon Nanotube Based Polymer Nanocomposites, Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht, London. 2015.
[13] de Oliveira, A. Dantas, and C. Augusto Gonçalves Beatrice. "Polymer nanocomposites with different types of nanofiller", Nanocomposites-recent evolutions, 103-104, 2018.
[14] M.L. Di Lorenzo, M.E. Errico, M. Avella, “Thermal and morphological characterization of poly (ethylene terephthalate)/calcium carbonate nanocomposites”, Journal of Materials Science. 37, 2351–2358, 2002.
[15] Y. Zhan, J. Wu, H. Xia, N. Yan, G. Fei, G. Yuan, “Dispersion and Exfoliation of Graphene in Rubber by an Ultrasonically‐Assisted Latex Mixing and In situ Reduction Process”, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering. 296, 590–602, 2011.
[16] M.N. Ismail, A.I. Khalaf, “Styrene–butadiene rubber/graphite powder composites: Rheometrical, physicomechanical, and morphological properties”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 120, 298–304, 2011.
[17] T. V Varghese, H.A. Kumar, S. Anitha, S. Ratheesh, R.S. Rajeev, V.L. Rao, “Reinforcement of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber using pristine few layer graphene and its hybrid fillers”, Carbon. 61, 476–486, 2013.
[18] V.M. Litvinov, P.A.M. Steeman, “EPDM− Carbon black interactions and the reinforcement mechanisms, as studied by low-resolution 1H NMR”, Macromolecules. 32, 8476–8490, 1999.
[19] Y. Wu, W. Zhao, L. Zhang, “Improvement of Flex‐Fatigue Life of Carbon‐Black‐Filled Styrene‐Butadiene Rubber by Addition of Nanodispersed Clay”, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering. 291, 944–949, 2006.
[20] S.M. Hosseini, M. Razzaghi-Kashani, “Vulcanization kinetics of nano-silica filled styrene butadiene rubber”, Polymer. 55, 6426–6434, 2014.
[21] M.A. Semsarzadeh, Z.B.M. Ghasem, G.H.R. Bakhshandeh, “Effect of carbon black on rate constant and activation energy of vulcanization in EPDM/BR and EPDM/NR blends”, (2005).
[22] Z.H. Li, J. Zhang, S.J. Chen, “Effects of carbon blacks with various structures on vulcanization and reinforcement of filled ethylene-propylene-diene rubber”, Express Polymer Letters. 2, 695–704, 2008.
[23] A. Allahbakhsh, S. Mazinani, M.R. Kalaee, F. Sharif, “Cure kinetics and chemorheology of EPDM/graphene oxide nanocomposites”, Thermochimica Acta. 563, 22–32, 2013.
[24] J. Ma, Y. Wang, L. Zhang, Y. Wu, “Improvement of cutting and chipping resistance of carbon black‐filled styrene butadiene rubber by addition of nanodispersed clay”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 125, 3484–3489, 2012.
[25] S. Chakraborty, S. Kar, S. Dasgupta, R. Mukhopadhyay, S. Bandyopadhyay, M. Joshi, S.C. Ameta, “Effect of treatment of Bis (3‐triethoxysilyl propyl) tetrasulfane on physical property of in situ sodium activated and organomodified bentonite clay–SBR rubber nanocomposite”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 116, 1660–1670, 2010.
[26] Y. Sun, Y. Luo, D. Jia, “Preparation and properties of natural rubber nanocomposites with solid‐state organomodified montmorillonite”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 107, 2786–2792, 2008.
[27] M. Karimtehrani, P.E. Namin, I. Ghasemi, “Functionalization of Graphene Nanoplatelet and the Shape Memory Properties of Nanocomposite Based on Thermoplastic Elastomer Polyurethane/Poly (vinyl chloride)/Graphene Nanoplateletes”, Iran. J. Polym. Sci. Technol. 30, 287–297, 2017.
[28] S.M.R. Paran, G. Naderi, M.H.R. Ghoreishy, “Microstructure and mechanical properties of thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposites based on PA6/NBR/HNT”, Polymer Composites. 38, 2017.
[29] J.A. Gopi, S.K. Patel, A.K. Chandra, D.K. Tripathy, “SBR-clay-carbon black hybrid nanocomposites for tire tread application”, Journal of Polymer Research. 18, 1625–1634, 2011.
[30] S. Ahmadi-Shooli, M. Tavakoli, “The Properties of SBR/ENR50 Blend Containing Nanoclay/Carbon Black Dual Filler System Cured by Electron Beam”, Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology. 30, 127–137, 2017.
[31] M. Maiti, S. Sadhu, A.K. Bhowmick, “Effect of carbon black on properties of rubber nanocomposites”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 96, 443–451, 2005.
[32] S.-J. He, Y.-Q. Wang, M.-M. Xi, J. Lin, Y. Xue, L.-Q. Zhang, “Prevention of oxide aging acceleration by nano-dispersed clay in styrene-butadiene rubber matrix”, Polymer Degradation and Stability. 98, 1773–1779, 2013.
[33] Y. Liu, L. Li, Q. Wang, X. Zhang, “Fracture properties of natural rubber filled with hybrid carbon black/nanoclay”, Journal of Polymer Research. 18, 859–867, 2011.
[34] S. Praveen, P.K. Chattopadhyay, P. Albert, V.G. Dalvi, B.C. Chakraborty, S. Chattopadhyay, “Synergistic effect of carbon black and nanoclay fillers in styrene butadiene rubber matrix: Development of dual structure”, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 40, 309–316, 2009.
[35] R. Singh, M. D. Shah, S. K. Jain, S. C. Shit, R. Giri, “Elastomeric composite: mechanical and thermal properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) based on carbon black and nanoclay”, Journal of information knowledge and research in mechanical engineering. 2, 515-521, 2013.
[36] Q. Guo, F. Zaïri, H. Baraket, M. Chaabane, X. Guo, “Pre-stretch dependency of the cyclic dissipation in carbon-filled SBR”, European Polymer Journal. 96, 145–158, 2017.
[37] S. Sadhu, A.K. Bhowmick, “Effect of Chain Length of Amine and Nature and Loading of Clay on Styrene-Butadiene Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites”, Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 76, 860–875, 2003.